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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY > Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

One category of GI system disorder is ‘infection and inflammation’. What is meant by infection and inflammation within the GI tract?

A

Alterations in the integrity of the GI tract resulting from infection, inflammation, autoimmune diseases lead to weakness in the GI wall. This may result in symptoms such as diarrhoea, abdominal pain and vomiting.

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2
Q

One category of GI system disorder is ‘motility disorders’. What is meant by motility disorders within the GI tract?

A

Motility disorders relate to conditions which alter the peristalsis which occurs in the GI tract. This can affect the GI tract’s ability to absorb nutrients as a high motility leads to substances passing through the GI tract too quickly leading to inadequate absorption. A blockage in the GI tract can also lead to a lack of motility.

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3
Q

One category of GI system disorder is ‘malabsorbtion disorder’. What is meant by a malabsorbtion disorder within the GI tract?

A

This refers to the GI tracts lack of ability to absorb or normally digest one or more constitutes of the diet such as fat, protein, vitamins or minerals. This can be due to enzyme deficiency or infection or post surgery.

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4
Q

Name 3 locations within the GI tract where cancer can occur.

A

Colon, small intestine, oesophagus.

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5
Q

What is the role of peristalsis in the GI tract?

A

To propel food through the tract

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6
Q

Give 4 examples of infections and inflammatory conditions within the GI tract.

A

E coli (infection), appendicitis (inflammation of the appendix), colitis (inflammation of the colon) or thrush (fungal infection).

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7
Q

Give 4 examples of motility disorders within the GI tract.

A
  1. Intestinal obstruction (partial obstruction or complete obstruction)
  2. Volvulus: twisting of the bowel itself leading to obstruction or ischaemia
  3. Intussusception: ‘telescoping’ of a portion of bowel into an adjacent portion.
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8
Q

Give 3 clinical examples of malabsorbtion disorders which exist within the GI tract.

A 
Coeliac disease (inability to absorb gluten due to autoimmunity) the immune system reacts by damaging the lining of the small intestine. 
Lactose intolerance (bodies inability to absorb lactose leading to inflammation and irritation of the GI tract)
3. Dumping syndrome: dumping of stomach contents into the small intestine due to impaired gastric emptying.
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9
Q

Name the 8 stages of the GI tract.

A
  1. oral cavity
  2. pharynx
  3. oesophagus
  4. stomach
  5. small intestine
  6. large intestine
  7. rectum
  8. anus
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10
Q

What are the three stages of the small intestine?

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. illium
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11
Q

What are the 4 stages of the large intestine?

A
  1. ascending colon
  2. transverse colon
  3. descending colon
  4. sigmoid colon
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12
Q

What are the 4 layers of the GI tract wall made up of?

A
  1. lumen
  2. muscularis (thin smooth muscle layer)
  3. submucosa (2 smooth muscle layers containing nerve connections)
  4. serosa (fat and epithelial tissue creating a fold which attaches to intestinal organs).
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13
Q

What is the role of the accessory organs within the GI tract?

A

To assist with the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.

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14
Q

Name the 4 accessory organs of the GI tract.

A

Salivary glands, liver, pancreas and gallbladder.

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15
Q

What is the function of the salivary glands?

A

To produce saliva which contains amylase which are enzymes which help to initiate the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates.

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16
Q

What is the role of the liver?

A

To produce bile and metabolise nutrients

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17
Q

What is the role of the gallbladder?

A

To store bile and release it into the small intestine

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18
Q

What do bile salts do?

A

They break down lipids (fats) into smaller particles so that they can be digested by lipase enzymes within the small intestine

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19
Q

What do lipases digest fats into?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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20
Q

What is the role of the pancreas?

A

To produce amylase, protease and lipase enzymes to break down the three main food groups: carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

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21
Q

What is protein broken down into?

A

Amino acids

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22
Q

What are the three main proteases?

A

Pepsin, trypsin and chemotrypsin

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23
Q

Where is pepsin produced?

A

Within the stomach

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24
Q

Where are trypsin and chemotrypsin produced?

A

In the pancreas

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25
Q

What is the main role of the GI tract?

A

To break down food into nutrients which can be absorbed to provide energy within the body

26
Q

What is food called which has been mechanically broken down by the stomach and within the mouth?

A

Chyme

27
Q

Where does the majority of the absorption of soluble food take place?

A

In the small intestine

28
Q

What is the main role of the duodenum?

A

Mixing function

29
Q

What is the main role of the jejunum?

A

Where most digestion and absorption takes place.

30
Q

What is the role of the large intestine?

A

To absorb water and larger particles not absorbed within the small intestine.

31
Q

What are the internal and external sphincters (thick bands of muscle) controlled by?

A

The autonomic nervous system

32
Q

Is the internal sphincter voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

33
Q

Is the external sphincter voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary

34
Q

The internal anal sphincter is controlled by:

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves

35
Q

The external anal sphincter is controlled by:

A

Spinal nerves and skeletal muscle

36
Q

Name 5 things faecal matter is made up of:

A
  1. water
  2. dead bacteria
  3. undigested protein
  4. undigested fat
  5. undigested fibre
  6. undigested carbohydrate
  7. inorganic matter
37
Q

Name 6 factors which may contribute to constipation

A
  1. lack of fibre in the diet which promotes peristalsis
  2. immobility (mobility encourages peristalsis)
  3. medications
  4. ignoring the natural urge to defecate
  5. GI conditions which affect motility
  6. aging
  7. excessive fat in the diet
38
Q

What is osmotic diarrhoea?

A

Too much water drawn into the colon due to excessive salt or sugar in the diet

39
Q

What is secretory diarrhoea?

A

The volume of water secreted into the intestines is greater that the volume of water absorbed

40
Q

What is exudative diarrhoea?

A

Where the wall of the colon has been damaged due to infection or inflammation so that its ability to absorb fluid has been reduced

41
Q

What is diarrhoea relating to motility disorders?

A

Decreased contact time of chyme with the lumen of the colon means that inadequate absorption will take place meaning that excessive fluid will overwhelm the colon

42
Q

What is a peptic ulcer?

A

An ulcer which occurs in the stomach, small intestine or oesophagus due to damage of the mucosa.

43
Q

Give 6 risk factors to developing a peptic ulcer:

A
  1. h-pylon infection
  2. excessive alcohol consumption
  3. cigarette smoking
  4. gastric secretions as a result of stress
  5. caffeine
  6. family history
  7. use of NSAIDs
  8. decreased mucosal protection
  9. excessive gastric acid secretion
44
Q

What is ulcerative colitis?

A

Where the mucous membrane of the colon and the rectum becomes inflamed and ulcerated

45
Q

UC causes folds in the epithelium lining to develop causing abcesses which lead to ulcers. What are these folds called?

A

Crypts.

46
Q

Attempts to repair the damaged tissue in UC leads to:

A

Highly vascularised granulation tissue

47
Q

What happens during the later stages of UC?

A

The colon walls become fibrous and thicken causing lumen obstruction which can lead to loss of colon function

48
Q

Why does UC lead to an increased chance of colon cancer?

A

Due to the frequent changing of the cells in the colon

49
Q

What is Crohns disease?

A

A chronic condition which affects any part of the GI tract causing inflammation resulting in deep ulcers which lead to fibrous tissue formation.

50
Q

Crohns disease may affect the bodies ability to:

A
  1. digest food
  2. absorb nutrients
  3. eliminate waste products
51
Q

Give 3 supposed causes of Crohns disease:

A
  1. autoimmune condition where the bodies immune system attacks the normally healthy cells of the GI tract wall.
  2. impaired innate immune response leading to inflammation in the walls of the GI tract
  3. Environmental triggers such as stress and smoking
52
Q

Give 4 signs of Crohns disease:

A
  1. diarrhoea
  2. abdominal pain
  3. weight loss
  4. fatigue
53
Q

What is normal transit constipation?

A

Also known as functional constipation involves regular passing of stools but evacuation is difficult.

54
Q

What is slow transit constipation?

A

Involves infrequent bowel movement, straining to pass stool and mild abdominal distention caused by impaired colon activity.

55
Q

What is pelvic floor/outlet dysfunction?

A

Poor action of the pelvic floor muscles or anal sphincter leading to difficulty or inability to defecate.

56
Q

Complex carbohydrates are finally broken down into:

A

Sugars (monosaccarides)

57
Q

Where is most of the water absorbed in the GI tract?

A

The small intestine

58
Q

A lesion that erodes the skin or mucosa is called:

A

An ulcer

59
Q

Which type of diarrhoea is associated with rotavirus infection?

A

Secretory

60
Q

Lactose intolerance can lead to which type of diarrhoea?

A

Osmotic

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (14 decks)

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