The Abdomen Flashcards
what are the boundaries of the abdominal cavity?
the upper border is the diaphragm, the lower border is the pelvic inlet, and the superior iliac crests
what is the purpose of the abdomen?
to protect the viscera. And the organs of the abdominal cavity
what is the role of the abdomen during breathing?
during inspiration when the diaphragm contracts and moves downwards the abdominal muscles relax, and opposite for expiration
which processes does the abdomen help? How?
micturition and childbirth and defecation. By contracting the abdominal muscles we increase the intra-abdominal pressure NOTE that the diaphragm must be fixed and the larynx must be closed
name the ligaments and bony components of the abdomen?
rib XII, ilio-lumbar ligament, the costal margin, pelvic inlet, inguinal ligament
name the muscular components of the abdomen?
external oblique, internal oblique, transverses abdominus, quadratus lumborum, iliacus, psoas major, rectus abdominus
name the planes of the abdomen
midclavicular plane, subcostal plane, intertubercular plane
name the regions of the abdomen?
epigastric region, umbilical region, pubic region
name the side areas of the abdomen
right and left hypochondrium, right and left flank, right and left groin
which muscles form part of the anterior plane of the abdomen?
vertical anterior abdominal muscles, flat anterolateral abdominal muscles
which muscles form part of the lateral wall of the abdomen?
flat anterolateral abdominal muscles
list the surfaces of the abdomen form most superficial to interior
skin, Campers fascia (superior fatty layer), Scarpa’s fascia (superficial membranous layer), external oblique muscle, internal oblique muscle, transversus abdominis, transversalis fascia, extraperitoneal fascia (fat), parietal peritoneum. NOTE that between the layers of the muscles we have investing deep fascia (superficial, intermediate, deep)
scarpa’s fascia continues with ?
the superficial penile fascia
what is colles’ fascia?
the superficial perineal fascia
where and what is rectus sheath?
the deep/intermediate/superficial membranes which are between the muscles, when all together near the side of the both rectus abdominus muscles
what is the linea alba and where is it?
the deep/intermediate/superficial fascia between the muscles, when they are together in between the rectus abdominis muscles
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What is the origin, insertion, and function of the external obliques
Origin: outer surface of rib V to XII
Insertion: lateral lip of iliac crest and centrally on the linea alba (the midline raphe)
Function: compress abdominal content and flex the trunk
What is the function of the endothoracic fascia
To separate intercostal muscles and ribs from the parietal pleura
What is the function of the endoabdominal fascia
Anteriorly it is the transversalis fascia.
Posteriorly it is the thoracolumber fascia.(covers the quadratum lumborum)
It also becomes the psoas fascia and the diaphragmatic fascia
What are the investing fascia
They are fascia covering the rectus abdominus muscles, they all cross over and form the linea alba. There are 3 layers of fascia.
The aponeurosis of the external oblique forms which ligaments
The inguinal ligament, lacunar ligament, pectinal ligament
What is the origin, insertion and function of the internal oblique muscle
Origin is the thoraco lumbar fascia, lateral two thirds of the inguinal ligament and the iliac crest between the origin of the transversus abdominus and the external oblique.
Insertion is inferior border of lower 3 ribs, the aponeurosis ends in the linea alba, pubic crest and the pectineal line.
Function is compress the abdominal contents and bend trunk forwards
Detail the planes in which the fibers of the external and internal oblique are present and how they function
The fibers in the external oblique on the right are in an oblique plane perpendicular to the oblique plane of the fibers of the external oblique on the left. The external oblique of the right and the internal oblique on the left have fibers in the same oblique plane and so they work together
The rectus abdominus has different composition of fascia covering them at different levels, explain which fascia in the highest, middle and lowest region
Highest: anteriorly: external oblique fascia.
Middle: anteriorly: external oblique and internal oblique. Posteriorly: internal oblique, transversus abdominus, transversalis fascia.
Lowest: anterior: external oblique and two layers for the internal oblique, transversus abdominus
Posteriorly: endoabdominal fascia
What is the origin, insertion and function of transversus abdominus
Origin is thoraco lumbar fascia, medial lip of the iliac crest, lateral one third of the inguinal ligament, coastal cartilage of the lower 6 ribs.
Insertion is on pubic crest and pectineal line, and the fascia ends with the linea alba
Function is to compress abdominal content
What is the origin, insertion and function of the rectus abdominus
Origin is the pubic crest, pubic tubercle and pubic symphysis.
Insertion is the coastal cartilage of rib V to VII and the xiphoid process
Function is compress abdominal contents and flex vertebral column and tense the abdominal wall
What is the origin, insertion and function of the pyramidalis
Origin is the front of the pubis and pubic symphysis
Insertion is into the linea alba
Function is it tenses the linea alba
What is the extraperitoneal fascia and what is it’s function
It is a fatty layer and it helps organs slide in the abdomen
The anterolatera muscles are innervated by
The thoracic nerve from T7 till T12
What is the innervation of the inguinal abdominal area
From L1
Where are the vessels and nerves of the abdomen
They are between the internal oblique muscles and the transversus abdominus
For the superficial innervation of the abdomen, what is the upper and lower arterial supply?
Upper: musculophrenic artery (branch of interal thoracic artery)
Lower: superficial circumflex iliac artery, superior epigastric artery (are branches of the femoral artery)
For the superficial innervation of the abdomen, what is the upper and lower venous supply?
Upper: axillary vein
Lower: femoral vein
These are connected by the thoraco-epigastric vein
For the deep innervation of the abdomen, what is the upper and lower arterial supply?
Upper: superior epigastric artery (branch of internal thoracic artery)
Lower: inferior epigastric artery, deep circumflex iliac artery( branches of the iliac artery)
For the deep innervation of the abdomen, what is the upper and lower venous supply?
The azygous vein (from T4 into the SVC). And the lower iliac veins
