The Abdomen

Question 1

what are the boundaries of the abdominal cavity?

Answer 1

the upper border is the diaphragm, the lower border is the pelvic inlet, and the superior iliac crests

Question 2

what is the purpose of the abdomen?

Answer 2

to protect the viscera. And the organs of the abdominal cavity

Question 3

what is the role of the abdomen during breathing?

Answer 3

during inspiration when the diaphragm contracts and moves downwards the abdominal muscles relax, and opposite for expiration

Question 4

which processes does the abdomen help? How?

Answer 4

micturition and childbirth and defecation. By contracting the abdominal muscles we increase the intra-abdominal pressure NOTE that the diaphragm must be fixed and the larynx must be closed

Question 5

name the ligaments and bony components of the abdomen?

Answer 5

rib XII, ilio-lumbar ligament, the costal margin, pelvic inlet, inguinal ligament

Question 6

name the muscular components of the abdomen?

Answer 6

external oblique, internal oblique, transverses abdominus, quadratus lumborum, iliacus, psoas major, rectus abdominus

Question 7

name the planes of the abdomen

Answer 7

midclavicular plane, subcostal plane, intertubercular plane

Question 8

name the regions of the abdomen?

Answer 8

epigastric region, umbilical region, pubic region

Question 9

name the side areas of the abdomen

Answer 9

right and left hypochondrium, right and left flank, right and left groin

Question 10

which muscles form part of the anterior plane of the abdomen?

Answer 10

vertical anterior abdominal muscles, flat anterolateral abdominal muscles

Question 11

which muscles form part of the lateral wall of the abdomen?

Answer 11

flat anterolateral abdominal muscles

Question 12

list the surfaces of the abdomen form most superficial to interior

Answer 12

skin, Campers fascia (superior fatty layer), Scarpa’s fascia (superficial membranous layer), external oblique muscle, internal oblique muscle, transversus abdominis, transversalis fascia, extraperitoneal fascia (fat), parietal peritoneum. NOTE that between the layers of the muscles we have investing deep fascia (superficial, intermediate, deep)

Question 13

scarpa’s fascia continues with ?

Answer 13

the superficial penile fascia

Question 14

what is colles’ fascia?

Answer 14

the superficial perineal fascia

Question 15

where and what is rectus sheath?

Answer 15

the deep/intermediate/superficial membranes which are between the muscles, when all together near the side of the both rectus abdominus muscles

Question 16

what is the linea alba and where is it?

Answer 16

the deep/intermediate/superficial fascia between the muscles, when they are together in between the rectus abdominis muscles

Question 17

STOPPED AT SLIDE 20

Answer 17

OUT OF 57

Question 18

What is the origin, insertion, and function of the external obliques

Answer 18

Origin: outer surface of rib V to XII
Insertion: lateral lip of iliac crest and centrally on the linea alba (the midline raphe)
Function: compress abdominal content and flex the trunk

Question 19

What is the function of the endothoracic fascia

Answer 19

To separate intercostal muscles and ribs from the parietal pleura

Question 20

What is the function of the endoabdominal fascia

Answer 20

Anteriorly it is the transversalis fascia.
Posteriorly it is the thoracolumber fascia.(covers the quadratum lumborum)
It also becomes the psoas fascia and the diaphragmatic fascia

Question 21

What are the investing fascia

Answer 21

They are fascia covering the rectus abdominus muscles, they all cross over and form the linea alba. There are 3 layers of fascia.

Question 22

The aponeurosis of the external oblique forms which ligaments

Answer 22

The inguinal ligament, lacunar ligament, pectinal ligament

Question 23

What is the origin, insertion and function of the internal oblique muscle

Answer 23

Origin is the thoraco lumbar fascia, lateral two thirds of the inguinal ligament and the iliac crest between the origin of the transversus abdominus and the external oblique.
Insertion is inferior border of lower 3 ribs, the aponeurosis ends in the linea alba, pubic crest and the pectineal line.
Function is compress the abdominal contents and bend trunk forwards

Question 24

Detail the planes in which the fibers of the external and internal oblique are present and how they function

Answer 24

The fibers in the external oblique on the right are in an oblique plane perpendicular to the oblique plane of the fibers of the external oblique on the left. The external oblique of the right and the internal oblique on the left have fibers in the same oblique plane and so they work together

Question 25

The rectus abdominus has different composition of fascia covering them at different levels, explain which fascia in the highest, middle and lowest region

Answer 25

Highest: anteriorly: external oblique fascia.
Middle: anteriorly: external oblique and internal oblique. Posteriorly: internal oblique, transversus abdominus, transversalis fascia.
Lowest: anterior: external oblique and two layers for the internal oblique, transversus abdominus
Posteriorly: endoabdominal fascia

Question 26

What is the origin, insertion and function of transversus abdominus

Answer 26

Origin is thoraco lumbar fascia, medial lip of the iliac crest, lateral one third of the inguinal ligament, coastal cartilage of the lower 6 ribs.
Insertion is on pubic crest and pectineal line, and the fascia ends with the linea alba
Function is to compress abdominal content

Question 27

What is the origin, insertion and function of the rectus abdominus

Answer 27

Origin is the pubic crest, pubic tubercle and pubic symphysis.
Insertion is the coastal cartilage of rib V to VII and the xiphoid process
Function is compress abdominal contents and flex vertebral column and tense the abdominal wall

Question 28

What is the origin, insertion and function of the pyramidalis

Answer 28

Origin is the front of the pubis and pubic symphysis
Insertion is into the linea alba
Function is it tenses the linea alba

Question 29

What is the extraperitoneal fascia and what is it’s function

Answer 29

It is a fatty layer and it helps organs slide in the abdomen

Question 30

The anterolatera muscles are innervated by

Answer 30

The thoracic nerve from T7 till T12

Question 31

What is the innervation of the inguinal abdominal area

Answer 31

From L1

Question 32

Where are the vessels and nerves of the abdomen

Answer 32

They are between the internal oblique muscles and the transversus abdominus

Question 33

For the superficial innervation of the abdomen, what is the upper and lower arterial supply?

Answer 33

Upper: musculophrenic artery (branch of interal thoracic artery)
Lower: superficial circumflex iliac artery, superior epigastric artery (are branches of the femoral artery)

Question 34

For the superficial innervation of the abdomen, what is the upper and lower venous supply?

Answer 34

Upper: axillary vein
Lower: femoral vein
These are connected by the thoraco-epigastric vein

Question 35

For the deep innervation of the abdomen, what is the upper and lower arterial supply?

Answer 35

Upper: superior epigastric artery (branch of internal thoracic artery)
Lower: inferior epigastric artery, deep circumflex iliac artery( branches of the iliac artery)

Question 36

For the deep innervation of the abdomen, what is the upper and lower venous supply?

Answer 36

The azygous vein (from T4 into the SVC). And the lower iliac veins