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ANATOMY > the abdomen > Flashcards

the abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

is the abdomen part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?

A

axial

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2
Q

the abdomen is the space spanning between the ____ and _____

A

diaphragm and pelvis

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3
Q

superiorly, what are the contents in the abdomen protected by?

A

thoracic cage

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4
Q

inferiorly, what are the contents in the abdomen protected by?

A

the pelvis

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5
Q

what is the most prominent external abdominal feature?

A

the umbilicus

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6
Q

where is the umbilicus located?

A

halfway between the xiphoid process and the pubic symphysis

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7
Q

what 4 “systems” does the abdomen region contain?

A

GI, renal, endocrine viscera, glands

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8
Q

what creates the peritoneal cavity?

A

the parietal and visceral peritoneum

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9
Q

are the peritoneum single layered or bilayered membranes?

A

Bilayered

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10
Q

what does the parietal peritoneum line?

A

the abdominal wall

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11
Q

what does the visceral peritoneum line?

A

the visceral organs

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12
Q

what is the linea alba?

A

the midpoint/center vertical line of thoracic abdominal cavity

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13
Q

what vertebral level is the transpyloric plane?

A

L1

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14
Q

what vertebral level is the subcostal plane?

A

L2

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15
Q

what vertebral level is the supracristal plane?

A

L4

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16
Q

what vertebral level is the umbilicus located?

A

between L3 and L4

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17
Q

what lines divide the abdomen into its 9 regions?

A

-2 midclavicular lines
-subcostal
- transtubercular

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18
Q

what is abdominal musculature derived from

A

myotomes (anterior hypomere)

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19
Q

what are the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall? (superficial to deep)

A

1) external oblique
2) internal oblique
3) transverse abdominis

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20
Q

what muscle fiber direction can be described as “putting your hands in front pockets”?

A

external oblique muscle

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21
Q

what are the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

1) rectus abdominis
2) pyramidalis
3) rectus sheath

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22
Q

which two muscles perform abdominal rotation and flexion?

A

external and internal oblique

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23
Q

what are the 3 functions of the rectus sheath?

A

1) flex the trunk
2) provide support to viscera
3) aid in pelvic tilt control

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24
Q

what is the difference between the layers of the anterolateral and anterior abdominal walls?

A

both have skin, superficial fascia, transversalis fascia, extraperitoneal adipose, and parietal peritoneum

the difference is the muscles (between superficial fascia and transversalis fascia

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25
Q

what are the layers of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

-skin
-superficial fascia
-external oblique muscle
-internal oblique muscle
-transverse abdominis muscle
-transversalis fascia
-extraperitoneal adipose
-parietal peritoneum

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26
Q

what are the layers of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

-skin
-superficial fascia
-anterior rectus sheath
-rectus abdominis
-posterior rectus sheath
-transversalis fascia
-extraperitoneal adipose
-parietal peritoneum

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27
Q

what is the abdomen innervated by?

A

segmental anterior rami

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28
Q

what is the level/dermatome for segmental anterior rami?

A

T6-T12 and L1-L2

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29
Q

what is the important blood system that supports the abdomen?

A

portal-caval system

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30
Q

the portal system is used to transport venous blood from ___ _____ to ______

A

transports blood from GI viscera to the liver

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31
Q

what is the hepatic portal vein formed by?

A

the superior mesenteric and splenic veins

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32
Q

what does the caval system do?

A

drains blood from structures of posterior abdominal wall, kidneys, gonads, suprarenal glands, pelvic and perineal structures, and lower limbs

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33
Q

what is the caval system made up of?

A

the IVC and its tributaries

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34
Q

at what level does the IVC pierce the diaphragm to enter the heart?

A

T8

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35
Q

what is the IVC comprised of?

A

right and left common iliac veins

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36
Q

what are the 3 locations of anastomoses between the portal and caval systems?

A

1) distal esophagus
2) paraumbilicus
3) rectum

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37
Q

what anastomoses between the portal and caval system at the esophagus?

A

left gastric vein and esophageal vein

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38
Q

what anastomoses between the portal and caval system at the paraumbilicus?

A

paraumbilical vein and superficial anterolateral wall veins

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39
Q

what anastomoses between the portal and caval system at the rectum?

A

superior rectal veins and middle and inferior rectal veins

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40
Q

what is the abdomen supplied by?

A

the abdominal aorta

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41
Q

at what level does the thoracic aorta turn into the abdominal aorta?

A

T12

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42
Q

what does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into?

A

right and left common iliac arteries

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43
Q

what level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into iliac arteries?

A

L4

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44
Q

at L4, the abdominal aorta continues as a very small artery between where it bifurcates into R and L common iliacs. what is this small artery?

A

median sacral artery

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45
Q

what are the 3 unpaired branches of the aorta? (proximal to distal)

A

1) celiac trunk
2) superior mesenteric artery
3) inferior mesenteric artery

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46
Q

what does the celiac trunk branch into? (3)

A

1) left gastric artery
2) splenic artery
3) common hepatic artery

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47
Q

what level does the abdominal aorta branch into the celiac trunk?

A

T12

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48
Q

what level does the abdominal aorta branch into the superior mesenteric artery?

A

L1

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49
Q

what is the primary artery to the midgut structures?

A

superior mesenteric artery

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50
Q

what does the inferior mesenteric artery branch into?

A

1) left colic artery
2) sigmoid arteries
3) superior rectal artery

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51
Q

what level does the inferior mesenteric artery branch from the abdominal aorta?

A

L3

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52
Q

what are the 5 paired branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

1) inferior phrenic arteries
2) middle suprarenal arteries
3) renal arteries
4) lumbar arteries
5) gonadal arteries

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53
Q

posterior intercostal and subcostal arteries are branches of what

A

aorta

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54
Q

lymphatic vessels superior to transumbilical plane drain…

A

into the axillary lymph nodes

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55
Q

lymphatic vessels inferior to transumbilical plane drain…

A

into superficial inguinal lymph nodes

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56
Q

what is the cisterna chyli?

A

a small lymphatic sack at abdominal confluence where R and L intestinal lymph trunks and R and L lumbar lymph trunks combine

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57
Q

R and L intestinal lymph trunks and R and L lumbar lymph trunks form what?

A

thoracic duct

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58
Q

where is the inguinal region in relation to the abdomen?

A

inguinal region lies along the inferior border of the anterolateral abdominal wall

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59
Q

what is the largest cavity in the abdomen?

A

the peritoneal cavity

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60
Q

what defines a retroperitoneal organ?

A

viscera posterior to parietal peritoneum (between peritoneal cavity and back abdominal wall)

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61
Q

what part of the pancreas is retroperitoneal?

A

the head, neck, and body

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62
Q

what part of the pancreas is intraperitoneal?

A

the tail

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63
Q

what is the stomach suspended by?

A

greater and lesser omentum

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64
Q

what structures are retroperitoneal?

A

1) 2-4 parts of duodenum
2) ascending colon
3) descending colon
4) rectum
5) head, neck, and body of pancreas
6) kidneys
7) ureters
8) suprarenal glands
9) abdominal aorta
10) IVC

65
Q

what structures are intraperitoneal?

A

1) stomach
2) first part of duodenum
3) jejunum
4) ilium
5) cecum
6) appendix
7) transverse colon
8) sigmoid colon
9) liver
10) gallbladder
11) tail of pancreas
12) spleen

66
Q

the greater omentum can be described as….

A

“apron-like” containing fat

67
Q

where does the greater omentum span?

A

from greater curvature of stomach to end of abdomen

68
Q

where does the lesser omentum span?

A

between lesser curvature of stomach and first part of duodenum to liver

69
Q

where is the foramen of winslow?

A

At the free edge of the hepatoduodenal ligament of the lesser omentum

70
Q

what passes through the portal triad?

A

1) common bile duct
2) proper hepatic artery
3) hepatic portal vein

71
Q

what is larger: the small intestine mesentery or the transverse mesocolon?

A

small intestine mesentery

72
Q

list important mesenteries

A

1) greater omentum
2) lesser omentum
3) small intestine mesentery
4) transverse mesocolon
5) mesoappendix

73
Q

what does the obliterated umbilical vein create?

A

ligamentum teres hepatis

74
Q

the bare area of the liver is for the placement of what?

A

the diaphragm

75
Q

what are the boundaries of the lesser sac?

A

anterior: liver, stomach, lesser omentum
posterior: diaphragm
right: liver
left: gastrosplenic and splenorenal ligaments

76
Q

how do the lesser and greater sacs communicate?

A

omental foramen (foramen of winslow)

77
Q

what are the anterior and posterior borders of the foramen of winslow?

A

anterior: portal triad
posterior: IVC

78
Q

what forms the aortic plexus?

A

autonomic ganglia and plexus

79
Q

what type of nerve innervation does the abdomen receive?
hint: GVA, GVE, GSA, GSE?

A

GVE: general visceral efferent
GVA: general visceral afferent

80
Q

where do sympathetic GVE synapse?

A

on prevertebral (preaortic) ganglia

81
Q

does sympathetic visceromotor function decrease or increase activity?

A

decrease

82
Q

what nerves comprise the sympathetic innervation?

A

1) preganglionic thoracic nerve
2) lumbar splanchnic nerves

83
Q

list sympathetic visceromotor functions

A

1) decreased peristalsis
2) decreased gland secretion
3) vasoconstriction
4) closure of sphincters

84
Q

parasympathetic GVE innervation is comprised of what two nerves?

A

vagus nerve (CN 10) and
pelvic splanchnic nerve

85
Q

what does the vagus nerve turn into?

A

anterior and posterior vagal trunks

86
Q

does parasympathetic visceromotor function decrease or increase activity?

A

increase activity

87
Q

list functions of parasympathetic visceromotor function

A

1) increase peristalsis
2) increase gland secretion
3) vasodilation
4) opening of sphincters

88
Q

where do parasympathetic preganglionic fibers synapse?

A

ganglia on walls of viscera

89
Q

pelvic spanchnic nerves correspond to what level?

A

S2-S4

90
Q

what does GVA innervation provide?

A

afferent pain fibers from abdominal viscera to midpoint of sigmoid colon

91
Q

what nerve transmits stomach pain, and what dermatomes does that correspond to?

A

greater splanchnic nerve - T6-T9

92
Q

what dermatome corresponds to pain inferior to midpoint of sigmoid colon?

A

S2-S4

93
Q

what are the foregut derivatives?

A

1) esophagus
2) stomach
3) liver
4) galbladder
5) pancreas
6) upper part of duodenum

94
Q

where does the esophagus join the stomach?

A

the gastroesophageal junction

95
Q

the esophagus travels through the ____ _____ at T10

A

esophageal hiatus

96
Q

what separates the esophagus from the stomach at the gastroesophageal junction?

A

lower esophageal sphincter

97
Q

what supplies blood to the esophagus?

A

portal-caval system: anastomose occurs here

98
Q

is the esophagus dual or single innervated? (parasymp, symp, or both?

A

dual innervation
P: vagal trunk
S: greater spanchnic nerve

99
Q

histological layers of the esophagus (NEED TO KNOW! THIS IS NOT OPTIONAL!)

A

1) mucosa
2) submucosa
3) muscularis externa
4) adventitia (serosa)

100
Q

what quadrant is the stomach in?

A

left upper quadrant

101
Q

what are the 4 parts of the stomach?

A

1) cardia
2) fundus
3) body
4) pyloric region

102
Q

the lesser curvature of the stomach corresponds to which border?

A

the right superior border
(short and concave)

103
Q

the greater curvature of the stomach corresponds to which border?

A

left inferior border
(long and convex)

104
Q

is the stomach retro- or intraperitoneal?

A

intraperitoneal

105
Q

is the stomach dual or single innervated? (parasymp, symp, or both?

A

dual
P: vagal trunk
S: splanchnic nerve

106
Q

what is the largest internal organ?

A

liver

107
Q

what quadrant is the liver in?

A

right upper

108
Q

the liver has a convex ______ surface anterosuperiorly, and a concave _____ surface posteroinferiorly

A

convex diaphragmatic surface,
concave visceral surface

109
Q

is the liver retro- or intraperitoneal?

A

intraperitoneal

110
Q

wha and where is the bare area of the kidney?

A

on posterior diaphragmatic surface that lacks peritoneal covering

111
Q

the liver fully ______ during expiration and fully _____ during inspiration.

A

fully elevates during expiration
fully depresses during inspiration

112
Q

what are the 4 lobes of the liver?

A

1) right
2) left
3) quadrate
4) caudate

113
Q

what is the area where vessels and ducts enter/exit the liver?

A

porta hepatis

114
Q

what is the remnant of fetal umbilical vein?

A

ligamentum teres

115
Q

what supplies blood to the liver?

A

right and left hepatic arteries

116
Q

is the liver dual or single innervated? (parasymp, symp, or both?

A

dual
P: vagal trunks
S: hepatic plexus

117
Q

what forms the bile duct?

A

common hepatic duct and cystic duct

118
Q

what does the biliary tree do?

A

carries bile from gallbladder to small intestine

119
Q

what forms the common hepatic duct?

A

right and left hepatic duct

120
Q

what supplies blood to the gallbladder?

A

cystic artery

121
Q

is the gallbladder dual or single innervated? (parasymp, symp, or both?

A

dual
P: vagus
S: celiac plexus

122
Q

what are the 4 parts of the pancreas?

A

head
neck
body
tail

123
Q

is the pancreas retro- or intraperitoneal

A

retroperitoneal except for the tail (intra)

124
Q

is the pancreas dual or single innervated? (parasymp, symp, or both?

A

dual
P: vagus
S: thoracic splanchnic nerve

125
Q

____cells produce glucagon
____cells produce insulin
alpha/beta

A

alpha = glucagon
beta = insulin

126
Q

what quadrant is the spleen in?

A

left upper

127
Q

the spleen is ____ to the stomach, left kidney, tail of pancreas and left splenic flexure of large intesting

A

medial

128
Q

is the spleen retro- or intraperitoneal?

A

intraperitoneal

129
Q

what supplies blood to the spleen? where does this artery arise from?

A

splenic artery from the celiac trunk

130
Q

midgut derivatives

A

1) lower part of duodenum
2) jejunum
3) ileum
4) proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

131
Q

what is the proximal and smallest part of the small intestine?

A

the duodenum

132
Q

what is the C-shaped structure of the small intestine?

A

duodenum

133
Q

how many parts are there to the duodenum?

A

4

134
Q

what supplies blood to the duodenum?

A

celiac trunk and SMA

135
Q

is the duodenum dual or single innervated? (parasymp, symp, or both?

A

dual
P: vagus
S: celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia plexus

136
Q

what supplies blood to the duodenum?

A

celiac trunk and SMA

137
Q

what is the majority of the small intestine comprised of?

A

jejunum and ilium

138
Q

where does the jejunum begin? what vertebral level is this?

A

duodenojejunal junction - L3

139
Q

what quadrant is the jejunum?

A

left upper

140
Q

what quadrant is the ilium?

A

right lower

141
Q

where does the ilium empty into?

A

the cecum

142
Q

is the small intestine dual or single innervated? (parasymp, symp, or both?

A

dual
P: vagus
S: thoracic splanchnic nerve

143
Q

what are the parts of the large intestine (in order)

A

1) cecum
2) appendix (attaches to large intestine)
3) ascending colon
3) transverse colon
4) descending colon
5) sigmoid colon
6) rectum
7) anal canal

144
Q

omental epiploic appendices are located where?

A

the large intestine

145
Q

what is the “cul-de-sac” of the large intestine?

A

the cecum

146
Q

what is the transverse colon suspended by?

A

the transverse mesocolon

147
Q

what quadrants does the large intestine span?

A

right upper and left upper

148
Q

what quadrant is the cecum in?

A

lower right

149
Q

what supplies the large intestine with blood?

A

SMA (superior mesenteric artery)

150
Q

what are the derivatives of the hindgut?

A

descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
upper anal canal

151
Q

where does the hindgut receive blood supply from?

A

the IMA

152
Q

what are the 4 muscles of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

1) psoas major
2) quadratus laborum
3) iliacus
4) transverse abdominis

153
Q

the diaphragm has many _____ that allow for passage of vessels and viscera

A

hiatuses

154
Q

what level does the IVC pierce the diaphragm?

A

T8

155
Q

what level does the esophagus pierce the diaphragm?

A

T10

156
Q

what level does the aorta pierce the diaphragm?

A

T12

157
Q

where does the diaphragm receive blood from?

A

abdominal aorta

158
Q

T or F: the diaphragm receives only motor innervation

A

FALSE - the diaphragm has both motor and sensory innervation

ANATOMY (3 decks)

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