The A's Flashcards
What is abreaction?
term coined by Freud in 1895 to describe the discharge of emotion attached
to a previously repressed experience or idea (Freud, 1966).
When and where was acute stress disorder (ASD) introduced?
diagnostic category introduced in 1994 and included in DSM-IV.
What is DSM-IIIR?
The 1987 revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association.
Why acute stress disorder (ASD) was created?
- It was created to fill a clinical gap created by the 1987 definition of PTSD in DSM-IIIR. This stated that the symptoms of PTSD had to exist for at least one month after the traumatic event. As a result, there was no diagnostic category for an acute or short-term variant; that is, symptoms that resolved themselves within a month of onset.
- A further reason for creating ASD was to provide a recognised diagnosis that would enable researchers to test the relationship between short-term stress following trauma and PTSD.
How PTSD and ASD are similar?
The criteria for ASD are similar to PTSD with the three equivalent symptom clusters: (C) re-experiencing, (D) avoidance, and (E) hyperarousal
How PTSD and ASD are different?
the actual symptoms of re-experiencing are different and refer to dissociative symptoms, which include: Numbing, detachment, psychic daze, derealisation, depersonalisation and dissociative amnesia.
In PTSD the re-experiencing takes the form of images, thoughts, dreams and flashbacks.
ASD is often severe and disabling, because episodes of dissociation (during which contact with reality is temporarily lost, and the subject relives the traumatic event as if it were recurring) are incompatible with normal functioning.
Which is more reliable of a diagnosis, PTSD or ASD?
ASD has a poor prognosis, and the majority of ASD patients (72% to 89%) develop PTSD
What is acute stress reaction (ASR)?
It refers to ‘a transient disorder of significant severity which develops in an individual without any other apparent mental disorder in response to exceptional physical and/or mental stress and which usually subsides within hours or days. The stressor may be an overwhelming traumatic experience involving serious threat to the security or physical integrity of the individual or of loved person(s) (e.g. natural catastrophe, accident, battle, criminal assault, rape), or an unusually sudden and threatening change in the social position and/or network of the individual’ (p. 146).
Is ASR taken from ICD or DSM?
It is a diagnostic category of ICD-10 (F43.0) produced by the World Health Organisation in 1992
What are the symptoms of ASR?
The symptoms show great variation but typically they include an initial state of ‘daze’, with some constriction of the field of consciousness and a narrowing of attention, inability to comprehend stimuli, and disorientation. This state may be followed either by further withdrawal from the surrounding situation (to the extent) of a dissociative stupor, or by agitation and over-activity (flight reaction or fugue). Autonomic signs of panic anxiety (tachycardia, sweating, flushing) are commonly present… Partial or complete amnesia for the episode may be present (pp. 146–147).
How long do symptoms take in ASR to appear?
It is of short duration: ‘The symptoms usually appear within minutes of impact of the stressful stimulus or event, and disappear within two to three days (often within hours)’.
Is ASR different than combat stress reaction?
ASR, as defined in ICD-10 is not synonymous with combat stress reaction as the latter is usually defined as an inability to function as a soldier
What are the weakness of an ASR diagnosis?
Some have suggested that a weakness of the current ASR definition is that it could include normal distress seen in soldiers exposed to combat, as well as severe cases of breakdown. The disorder has not been widely researched and little is known about its long-term prognosis. As it is distinct from both acute stress disorder and combat stress reaction, it is also unclear whether or not ASR requires deliberate intervention. Acute means short lived as distinct from chronic, which means long term. Neither acute nor chronic implies anything about severity.
