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History > The 3 Empires > Flashcards

The 3 Empires Flashcards

1
Q

Define empire

A

Land or area ruled by a very powerful person or group of people, that has been acquired by conquest.

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2
Q

Define revolution

A

A rise up by people within a country (that can sometimes be violent) against a regime or government that is seeking for drastic change.

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3
Q

Coup d’etat

A

Overthrow meant of government by force.

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4
Q

Dynasty

A

A system of government where power and wealth is passed down in a family in the form of rule as kings, queens or rulers.

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5
Q

Define feudalism

A

A system of governance whereby the peasants and impoverished majority were given a small amount of land by the rich where they slaved away farming for the benefit of the rich because they got all the farmers surplus produce or profit.

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6
Q

What are feudal dues?

A

Farming and working away for the rich in return for the land that they gave the poor.

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7
Q

When was the Ming Dynasty?

A

1368-1644

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8
Q

Who was in power before the Ming dynasty?

A

The Mongol Yuan Dynasty:

-disliked because they were Mongols and had a harsh rule

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9
Q

What was the Red Turban Rebellion?

A

After a series of natural disasters, it was a rebellion against the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.
Zhu Yuanzhang joined it.
In 1356 they captured Nanjing and defeated the Han-Chinese in the Battle of Lake Poyang.

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10
Q

Who was Zhu Yuanzhang?

A

An orphaned peasant, who joined the red turban rebellion and became a Buddhist monk (to secure food) who later became the founder of the Ming Dynasty.

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11
Q

What does Da Ming mean?

A

Great Brightness

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12
Q

How long was Hong Wu’s reign?

A

30 years (1368-1398)

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13
Q

What was Hong Wu’s nickname?

A

Son of Heaven

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14
Q

Why was “Son of Heaven” Hong Wu’s nickname?

A

Because of his agricultural success.

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15
Q

What was Hong Wu’s agricultural policy?

A

Feudalism (giving small amounts of land to the peasants in exchange for them working the land for the rich)

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16
Q

What capital did Hong Wu create?

A

Nanjing. It was China’s wealthiest region, home to many educated elite.

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17
Q

How did Hong Wu protect slaves?

A

He gave peasants tax breaks and cared about them because they were valuable for agriculture and he knew the struggles.

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18
Q

What moral codes guided Hong Wu?

A

Confucianism

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19
Q

What was the Ming conquest of Manchuria?

A

Mongols of the Yuan dynasty had hegemony of the northern region and Hong Wu saw it as a threat, he sent his military campaign to attack Naghachu.

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20
Q

What were 2 other important goals of Hong Wu?

A

Infrastructure

System of governance

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21
Q

Why did Hong Wu become paranoid and how did he deal with it ?

A

One of his ministers was caught trying to overthrow him so he became paranoid and he created the Yinyiwei which was his secret police that were responsible for the deaths of over 100 000 people. He also almost got struck by lightning which made him paranoid that the heavens were angry with him. I

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22
Q

When was Yung Lo’s reign?

A

(1403-1424)

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23
Q

What was Yung Lo’s other name?

A

Yung Lo the consolidator

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24
Q

How did Yung Lo rise to power?

A

There was a power struggle after Zhu died:
Jian Wen (his nephew) took the throne but Zhu Di (his 4th son) wanted power.
This led to a 3 year civil war and the Jingnam campaign allowed for one to rise to power.

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25
Q

Where did Yung Lo move the capital to and why?

A

Beijing to consolidate power.

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26
Q

What was Beijing known as and why?

A

The forbidden city because no one other than members of government and the Ming family were allowed into the city.

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27
Q

What were 5 of Yung Lo’s priorities?

A
  1. Started dealing with foreign trade. 2. Led exploration into Arabia and the East Coast of Africa (they didn’t have to go central because of merchants). 3. Encouraged development of transport, warehouses and workshops. 4. Built up navy to protect ships. 5. Built up army to protect from Mongols and Oirats
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28
Q

Name 4 bad things about Yung Lo

A
  1. He used his army to protect his wealth
  2. power greed & failing to adapt to needs of people
  3. Too paranoid and built the Great Wall of China
  4. Ordered Eunuch supporters to counter Confucian scholars
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29
Q

Name 5 things about the role of women in the Ming

A
  1. Seen as objects and child bearers, place in kitchen and fields
  2. 3 obediences
  3. Curse to give birth to a girl
  4. Foot binding
  5. Chastity
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30
Q

What were the 3 obediences

A

Confucianist teachings that said:

  1. Women must obey husbands
  2. Women must obey sons
  3. Daughters must be treated as second class citizens
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31
Q

Explain technology and trade in the Ming dynasty

A

At the start - leader in gun powder, shipbuilding, porcelain
After Yung Lo - commerce stopped to mourn his mistress and superiority of their own rule
Scientific investigation lacked - ended up importing
Developments that occurred were in existing technology

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32
Q

What were the 5 causes of the fall of the Ming

A
  1. Attitudes of emperors who succeeded others
  2. eunuchs
  3. Economic breakdown
  4. Natural disasters
  5. Rebellion by Li Zicheng
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33
Q

Who were eunuchs and how did they impact the fall of the Ming?

A

They were employed to guard the city without sleeping with the concubines.
Gained more power: Yung Lo- manage workshops, Menli- collect tax
Wanted to form their own beurocracy
Power struggle between Manadrins (domestics) and them(global)

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34
Q

What was the economic breakdown in the Ming?

A

They could no longer trade in silver because the Spanish and Dutch had taken over trade.
Menli emperor couldn’t keep stable alliances.

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35
Q

How did natural disasters impact the fall of the Ming?

A 
Little Ice Age - led to flooding and famine
Shaanxi Earthquake (1556) - killed about 830 000 people
36
Q

What was the Mandate of Heaven?

A

There were 3000 years of dynasties in China, it determined when leaders were to change,
It required leaders to behave in a good manner or higher powers would take away their power.
Founded by Zhou

37
Q

When was the Songhai Empire?

A

1464-1591

38
Q

Where was the Songhai empire?

A

West Africa, originally a fishing land on the Niger River.

39
Q

Where did Sonni Ali establish the capital?

A

Gao

40
Q

What were the 4 reasons for Songhai surpassing Mali’s wealth and power under Sonni Ali’s rule?

A
  1. He conquered many neighboring states
  2. Admired for his administrative abilities
  3. Developed farming industry, navy and cavalry
  4. Djenne became leading trader in silk, gold and porcelain.
41
Q

What system of governance did Sonni Ali set up?

A

Electing different governors to govern different provinces

42
Q

Explain Sonni Ali’s conquest of Djenne

A

He invaded the trading town Djenne
The invasion lasted 7 years
He was brutal and conquered by force
Basically starved people until they surrendered

43
Q

What other bad policies did Sonni Ali have?

A

Repressive policies against Timbuktu scholars

44
Q

How long was Sonni Ali’s reign?

A

1464-1492

45
Q

How long was Sonni Baru’s reign? Why?

A

From 1492-1493
He wasn’t a successful leader
He was overthrown by one of his father’s generals, Askia

46
Q

How long did Askia Mohammad Toure rule for?

A

1493-1528

47
Q

Name 4 good things about Askia’s rule

A
  1. He made good alliances and built up the army
  2. He was add out Muslim (took the Haaj like Mansa Musa) and encouraged Islam by building schools and mosques
  3. Introduced tax and justice
  4. Introduced focus on agriculture and foreign trade
48
Q

What system of governance did Askia set up?

A

There were no governors but rather ministers of certain sectors of government.

49
Q

What was bad about Askia?

A

His own sons revolted against him

He had no right to be King (no sacred symbols or bloodline)

50
Q

When was Askia Daoud’s rule?

A

1549-1582

51
Q

What 2 good things did Askia Daoud do?

A

Created stability

Ahmed Al-Masur demanded tax from salt sales but Daoud negotiated to give him gold instead

52
Q

What were the 2 reasons for Songhai’s downfall?

A
  1. Plots and coups by Askia’s successors forced the empire into decline
  2. In 1590, Al Mansur sent his army (Moroccan) to conquer Songhai and won
53
Q

Why did Morocco attack Songhai and why did they win?

A

Wanted to gain control of Trans-Saharan Trade Routes

Moroccan army used many weapons

54
Q

What contact did Songhai have with Europe?

A
  1. Italian and Jewish people traded with them
  2. Also traded in slaves
  3. Moroccan army was funded by the Queen and Portugal
55
Q

What was the role of women in Songhai?

A

When infertile they were worthless because they were seen as child bearers and objects and labourers.
They had to live separately from men with their children.
Polygamy was practiced and men had to pay Lobola but divorce was allowed.

56
Q

Explain trade in the Songhai empire

A

Started out as fishing land. During Sonni Ali’s reign - gold, silk and porcelain. During Askia’s reign, focus went more to agriculture.

57
Q

When was the Mughal Empire?

A

1526-1857

58
Q

What was Mughal’s first capital?

A

Agra

59
Q

What ethnicity were the Mughal emperors?

A

Central Asian Turco-Mongols.

Claiming descent to Genghis Kahn (mongol empire founder) and Timur.

60
Q

Who was the founder of the Mughal Empire?

A

Babur

61
Q

What was Babur’s nickname?

A

The Tiger - because of his military success especially because of the gun powder technology

62
Q

How did Babur come into power?

A

Victory over the last ruler of the Dehli Sultinate in the 1st Battle of Panipat

63
Q

How long was Babur’s reign?

A

Yes and expanded to include Dehli and Afghanistan

64
Q

Who was Babur’s son?

A

Humayun

65
Q

How long was Humayun’s reign?

A

1530-1556 (briefly disrupted by the Sur Empire)

66
Q

How was Humayun’s rule?

A

Disastrous, not popular

67
Q

Who was Humayun’s son?

A

Akbar the Great

68
Q

What age was Akbar the Great when he came into power?

A

14

69
Q

How long was Akbar’s reign?

A

1556-1605

70
Q

What were 3 of Akbar’s successes?

A
  1. Religious harmony
  2. Successful warrior
  3. Economic success
71
Q

How did Akbar create religious harmony?

A

Got rid of Jezia (tax on everyone but Muslims)
Formed alliances with several Hindu Rajput Kingdoms
Allowed Hindus to build temples

72
Q

Who was Akbar’s son?

A

Jahangir

73
Q

How long was Jahangir’s reign?

A

1605-1627

74
Q

What did Jahangir do right?

A

He kept the status quo

75
Q

Who was Jahangir’s son?

A

Shah Jahan

76
Q

What was Shah Jahan’s focus? (Examples)

A

Architecture (red fort, Taj Mahal, Moti Majid)

Taj Mahal = his wife’s tomb stone.

77
Q

What happened to Shah Jahan?

A

He was jailed by his son Aurangzeb

78
Q

When was Shah Jahan’s reign?

A

1628-1658

79
Q

When was Aurangzeb’s reign?

A

1658-1707

80
Q

What was Aurangzeb’s success?

A

Good military

81
Q

What was Aurangzeb notorious for?

A

Intolerance towards Hindus:
Reinstated Jezia
Destroyed temples and schools
Didn’t allow them to pray

82
Q

How did the empire fall under Aurangzeb?

A

Martha Military Resurgence under Shiraji Bhosale.
Martha’s won over many provinces
Break up of provinces and many had Declaration of Independence
Defeated in Persia in battle of Karnal

83
Q

How did Mughal fall under Bahadur Shah II?

A

He only had authority over one city.
He supported the Indian Rebellion of 1837
Tried for treason by the British East India Company

84
Q

What was the role of women in Mughal?

A
  1. Daughter = bad, 2. Child marriage = common, 3. Polygamy = common, 4. Purdah practiced, 5. Women had to pay labola,
  2. Sati was encouraged, 7. Divorce was permitted, 8. Education after chores.
85
Q

What is sati?

A

Women immolates herself or commits suicide after her husband dies.

86
Q

Explain trade in the Mughal empire.

A
  1. British East India Company (cotton, silk, gold, salt, copper, spices)
  2. Traders divided into different categories (small, large etc.)
  3. People bought above line of necessity, 4. Trade influenced culture, 5. Caravans traded with the west
87
Q

Define absolute monarchy

A

A ruling system where a king, queen or royal family has power over all decisions with no opposition.

History (3 decks)

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