the 1st unicram (5) Flashcards
Temperature regulation in endotherms?
Balance of managing heat produced by metabolism w/ loss or gain of environmental heat
Temp regulation controled by hypothalamus, core body temp and peripheral receptors as input
Heat loss/gain both require energetic output
Starch and glycogen?
Storage polysaccharide
Highly folded and compact
No osmotic effect
Can be hydrolysed back into glucose and respired
What is starch made of?
Comprised of amylose and amylopectin
What is glycogen made of?
Animal starch
What is gross primary productivity?
Energy fixed by photosynthesis per unit area per unit time
What processes are involved in aerobic respiration?
Glycolysis: Formation of pyruvate, ATP, NADH
Pyruvate oxidation: Pyruvate taken to mitochondria, convereted into acetyl-CoA, NADH produced from NAD+
Krebs cycle: Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate, forms citrate. oxaloacetate gets regenerated. NADH produced, ATP generated
ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation: NADH donates high energy electrons to ETC. Electrons get passed along the chain, releases energy that pumps protons into intermembrane space, creates proton gradient. Proton gradient drives ATP synthase for chemiosmosis
Ketosis?
When body respires fat for energy instead of glucose
Happens in starving state
Beta oxidation produces acetyl CoA and NADH
too high levels of NADH inhibits krebs, leads to build up of acetyl CoA which gets convereted to ketone bodies which go into the blood, get taken to peripheral tissues for respiration and acetone
Mitochondrial diseases?
Two types:
Caused by mutation in mitochondrial DNA
Autosomal inheritance
Autism
What are three parent babies?
Use pronuclear transfer
Fertilising both the mother’s egg and a donor egg with the fathers sperm
What occurs during glycolysis?
Investing: Phosphorylation of glucose by 2 molecules of ATP
Cleaving: Fructose I-6 bisphosphate cleaved into 2x 3C molecules
Harvesting: 4 molecules of ATP are produced
Anaerobic respiration in animals?
Produces lactate (Taken to liver and reoxidised to pyruvate)
Catalysed by LDH
Reversible reaction
Anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast?
Fermentation produces CO2 and ethanol
Explain methanogenesis?
Occurs in guts of ruminants
Cellulose hydrolysed by bacteria to produce glucose
Absorbed by ruminant and used as respiratory substrate
What is methanogenesis?
Form of anaerobic respiration where C is the terminal electron acceptor - occurs when methanogenic bacteria use H2 and CO2 and produce methane
What is the main resperiation for fast twitch muscle fibres
Anaerobic, build up in lactic acid.
Creatine phosphate used as Pi donator to regenerate ATP without: Fall in pH, build up of lactic acid
