the 1st uni cram (1)

Question 1

Two things cells can be?

Answer 1

Complete unicellular organisms, with the ability to survive alone

Foundation of specialised tissue within multicellular organism

Question 3

What surrounds cells?

Answer 3

Double layer of phospholipids

Question 4

What do phospholipids do?

Answer 4

Allows for segregation of the internal environment of the cell from the external environment

Provides cellular support

Allows for the regulation of absorption and excretion of molecules

Question 5

What is a catabolic reaction?

Answer 5

Breaking down molecules into smaller molecules to produce energy

Question 6

What is an anabolic reaction

Answer 6

Making large molecules up from smaller building-block

Question 7

What are metabolic reactions (catabolic and anabolic) reactions catalysed by?

Answer 7

Catabolic:
Glycolysis (Glucose to pyruvate)
De-amination of amino acids

Anabolic:
Protein biosynthesis
Lipid biosynthesis

Question 8

Similarities between all reproduction forms

Answer 8

Synthesis of various enzymes for DNA replication

DNA replication produces two identical set of DNA

Additional protein synthesis

Cytokinesis of cells

Question 9

prokaryotic cells

Answer 9

No nucleus or membrane bound organelles

cell walls present in prokaryotic cells

circular DNA

Question 10

Eukaryotes

Answer 10

Nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Linear DNA

Uni cellular/colony forming/multicellular

Question 11

what are organelles

Answer 11

Specialised subunits that provide a specific function for cellular survival

Question 12

Why is it useful to compartmentalise a biological function

Answer 12

Allows cells to be large and more efficient

Question 13

Why are organelles mostly segregated from the internal cellular environment?

Answer 13

Allows formation of different internal cellular conditions

Question 14

How are organelles segregated from the internal cellular environment

Answer 14

phospholipid bilayer

Question 15

Nucleus: Structure

Answer 15

Large membrane bound organelle

External membrane is studded with nuclear pores

Condensed chromatin

Nucleolus

Question 16

Nucleus: Function

Answer 16

Nuclear pores allows for passive diffusion of small water soluble molecules. Larger proteins have to get active transport across

Chromatin allows for storage of DNA, preventing damage, regulates gene expression and DNA replication

Question 17

Endoplasmic Reticulum: Structure

Answer 17

Network of cisternae (membranes) held together by a cytoskeleton

Rough: Has ribosomes
Smooth: Highly folded membranes

Question 18

Endoplasmic reticulum: Function

Answer 18

RER:
Helps protein synthesis
Aids in correct protein folding (RER chaperone proteins)
Allows for packaging and transportation of secretory proteins into vesicles

ER:
Aids in producing and packaging hydrophobic molecules (lipids/phospholipids/steroids)

Question 19

Golgi apparatus: Structure

Answer 19

Stacks of individual stacked and flattered membrane enclosed disks

Cis:
Vesicles from the ER bind to the golgi

Trans:
New outgoing vesicles bud from golgi

Each stack has a different and specific enzymes

Question 20

Golgi apparatus: Function

Answer 20

receiver and dispatcher of all proteins

Proteins get modified by addition of sugars and lipids

GA repackages the modified protein into a new vesicle unit.

Question 21

Mitochondria : Function

Answer 21

Produces ATP via Phosphorylation of ADP

Done by forming a proton gradient between the intermembrane space and matrix across inner membrane

Gradient produced via pumping H+ ions across the inner membrane q

Electrochemical gradient is then used to fuel the production of ATP

Question 22

Chloroplast : Structure

Answer 22

Double layer membranes of the chloroplast envelope

Protein rich alkaline fluid stroma

Thylakoids filled with photochemical protein systems

Stroma

Ribosomes

Question 23

Chloroplasts : Function

Answer 23

Site of photosynthesis

Photons get harvested via Light harvesting complex then get taken to PS2

Energy used to split H2O and funnel H+ ions across the thylakoid membrane

Question 24

What is Cellular Differentiation

Answer 24

The process a stem cell changes from one type to a differentiated cell (Pulri/totipotent to a more specific cell type)

Differentiation changes the cells size/shape/membrane/metabolic activity (Done by the expression of specific genes)

Question 25

Red Blood Cell: Structure --> Function

Answer 25

No nucleus Bowed disk shape --> Greater SA Cytoplasm filled with haemoglobin Little cellular content to allow more haemoglobin to fit Increased flexibility

Question 26

Enterocyte cells: Structure --> Function

Answer 26

External surface covered in microvilli: folding of membrane increases SA of cell surface More carrier proteins and digestive hydrolases present in microvilli (Increases the absorption efficiency, completes final stages of external cellular digestion) Increased gap junctions between Enterocytes and surrounding cells (Allows for increased efficiency of nutrients)

Question 27

Sperm Cell: Structure --> Function

Answer 27

compact nucleus head called acrosome (Filled with spermlysin) Spermlysin fuses sperms plasma membrane with egg's plasma membrane Lots of mitochondria to fuel movement of axial filament Long flagellum to provide movement to the cell

Question 28

Hepatocyte cell: Structure --> Function

Answer 28

Cytoplasm is rich with organelle that facilitate biosynthesis of proteins and lipids (Contains RER/ER, Golgi, mitochondria) Produces detoxification enzymes Blood capillary facing membranes are covered in micro-villi (Greater SA for absorption/excretion) Bile canaliculus: Allows for easy excretion of bile

Question 29

Palisade Cells: Structure --> Function

Answer 29

Densely packed cytoplasm filled with chloroplast Palisade cells found on the topside of the leaf structure (more Lux reaching chloroplasts) Large dense vacuole (Increased H2O concentration in palisade cells, greater photosynthetic efficiency)