The 100 Flashcards
Great Pyramids at Giza
- Egypt
- 2550- 2460 BC
- for Pharaoh tombs, getting higher to heaven, many iterations of form (stepped)
- several iterations of form
- looters
- positioning to the river as its easier to transport corpses from boats
- ramp for construction that would be disassembled once building ended
- perfect form reflected the perfect journey to heaven of the deceased pharaoh
Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
- Deir el-Bahari, Egypt
- 1473-1458BC
- The real tomb was hidden in the Valley of Kings
- this temple was a place for offerings and public visits
- buried into the cliff- to prevent looters
- built from stone
- aligned to winter solstice sunrise
- terraces connected via long ramps that used to have gardens surrounding them
- lengthy colonnaded terrace
Great Temple of Ramesses II
- Abu Simbel
- Egypt
- 1285-1255BC
- made from stone
- giant guarding structures (to represent the pharaoh himself
- 4 of them with haunting blank stare
- thought that if he had a lot of self imagery he would be closer to heaven
- decorations of god Ra (sun god)
- such as the bird Horus at the foot
Temple of Hera II
- Paestum
- 500BC
- heavy columns supporting the roof
- proportion not accurate as looked too heavy and like the columns were being squished- thicker and shorter
- fluted columns
- doric order
- 9 columns
- shadows cast emphasis the volume of the form
- limestone blocks initially- swapped into marble as time and money allowed
Parthenon
- Iktinos and Kallikrates
- Athens
- part of the Acropolis
- 447-432 BC
- on a hill
- not even spacing- realized proportion and the trick of illusion
- visitors look up and see 2 sides at once- orientation idea and intention
- uneven spacing between columns and width of central columns increasing means that it looks more imposing and even from a distance
- doric order is extended to look almost ionic
Caryatid Porch
- The Erechtheon
- Athens
- 421-405 BC
- used figures as pillars- crowns/headdresses as the orders
- built to represent the people of Caryae- who sided with the Persians who lost in the uprising against the greeks so the women in the statues were seen as a mean spiteful jab at the failed attempt
- women look as though they are carrying the temple on their heads- burdensome- with the weight of their shame
Temple of Athena Nike
- Athens
- 425 BC
- dedicated to goddess Athena Nike- triumph in war
- on Athens acropolis
- ionic temple
- has walled inner sanctuary
- Kallikrates was the architect
- white marble material
Stoa of Attalos II
- Athens
- 159-138BC (reconstructed in 1953)
- part of the Athenian agora
- column file organization
- urban building for trade to take place- for merchants and citizens
- open to the elements with the high space between the pillars
- arcaded space containing shops and facing onto important public spaces
The Colosseum
Rome
1st century
- different orders on different floors Doric, ionic and corinthian as rising up levels
- arches showing roman engineering success- structure exposed
- for public ceremonies, sports and fighting- arena
- women and slaves in the upper sections
- labyrinth under the seating scaffold and the ground
- tiered seating
Pantheon
Rome
118-125CE
- Corinthian columns
- Domed structure
- pediment and arcade at the front
- circular structure
- coffered ceiling - concealing arches supporting dome
- eye/ oculus in the centre as a form of skylight
- inner decoration -marble veneers
- concrete is primary material
- empty pediment on the portico at the front
- imposing exterior and overwhelming interior
Baths of Caracalla
Rome
early 3rd century
- arches demonstrate Roman engineering
- complex water systems- aqueducts and viaducts
- public place for gathering and meeting
- initiated by emperor Severus and completed by his son Caracalla
- burning wood and coals under the ground heated the water provided by the aqueducts
Arch of Constantine
Rome
285-337 CE
- triple arched form as an architectural motif
- central arch larger than the outer 2
- used as a route into Rome city
- attic above has relief panels carved with scenes from military victories
- uses panels from other arches
Pont du Gard
Remoulins
France
20-16BC
- Arched- triumphal arches
- Viaduct for carrying water- demonstrating - Roman prowess in engineering
- to bridge gap of valley and transport water from mountains to Nimes
- constant decline to work with the pull of gravity to transport the water
- still with wooden scaffold inside incase of future construction changes
- wooden scaffold and stone structure
Maison Carrée
Nimes, France 4CE - temple function, located far from Rome - roman antiquity - would have had forum around it in roman times - freestanding columns at front porch - half columns at the rear - corinthian, fluted columns - viewed from the front- to have a large and impressive lead up to it
S. Apollinare Nuovo
Ravenna, Italy 493-525 CE - Painted frescos - corinthian orders on arches for aisles - 2 aisles on either side of the nave - curved vault for the crypt- semicircular apse - half dome at the apse - early christian basilica - very plain brick exterior gives little to suggest the opulence in the interior - grained marble columns - mosaics and high windows
Hagia Sophia
Istanbul, formerly Constantinople
532-537 CE
- arches and domes
- Changed function- between religions frequently
- light- spiritual atmosphere
- wanted to look like it was suspended in the air- hanging lanterns helped with this also and the light reflections
- was a greek orthodox cathedral and then became an ottoman mosque
- byzantine architectural style
- ottomans added minarets that aren’t standing today
- nave covered by central dome and half domes/ arched openings extend the internal space
- buttresses added to increase stability
- made predominantly from stone
Speyer Cathedral (nave)
1030 - rebuilt in 1082
- romanesque style
- semicircular arches defining bays facing onto the nave
- flat wooden ceiling was replaced with groin vaults and transverse arches when it was rebuilt in 1082
- transverse arches demonstrated success of roman engineering and construction methods
S. Miniato al Monte
Florence 1013 CE - romanesque style - christian basilica shape- typical form - pair of aisles flanking nave - corinthian columns/half columns and corinthian pilasters and gables - geometric patterns in marble facade - front elevation is flat and echoes the basilica shape behind with ornamentation and pilaster use
Dome of the Rock
Jerusalem
Abd al- Malik (Syrian Umayyad)
690CE
- octagonal plan
- a shrine location for most Abrahamic religions- the stone where the prophet ascended to heaven seen in footprints on the stone
- mosaic and painted patterns/ crowns of caliphs and natural imagery- shutters for light
- on the hill of Mount Moriah- a viewpoint from all around- gold dome glistens in sun and gleams
- circumnavigation around the shrine- like Mecca K’aaba and Mausoleums in Rome
- political statement as didn’t have control of Mecca at this time- new shrine for Islam
Great Mosque of Damascus
Syria
Umayyad caliph- al Wahid
715 CE
- first mosque
- hypostyle plan- rectangular plan, columned prayer hall, qibla wall, minarets etc
- 4 minarets each of different style- had a presence in surroundings (height)
- many religious links: roman (jupiter temple), christian (st john the baptist), mosque
- muslims and christians worshipped together for a while
- shape dictated by roman shrine shape
Great Mosque of Cordoba
Spain
Abd al- Rahman (andalusi umayyad ruler)
784CE
- horseshoe shaped arches with polychrome features
- white marble and red brick voussoirs
- 610 columns define the immense space
- extended 3 times (expanded)
- lower arch is a horseshoe shape, upper almost semicircular- has a delicate aesthetic
- built to to have a much more complex form than the mosque at Samarra
- cathedral inserted into the mosque for christian worship when moors were expelled by spanish
Minaret- Great Mosque of Samarra
Iraq
Abbasid caliph al-Mutawakkil
848-852CE
-for the call to prayer
-high tower
-monumental in scale
-only one remaining but would have been 4 in the complex
-spiraled shape looking like ziggurats of Mesopotamia
- brick minaret
- burned brick wall enclosure
- hypostyle plan, rectangular plan, columned hall
Reception Hall (Salon Rico)
Madinat al-Zahra’
Córdoba
First Cordoban caliph- ‘Abd al-Rahman III
c. 936 CE
- rebuilt from old hall
- horseshoe shaped arches with polychrome features
- white marble and red brick voussoirs
- 610 columns define the immense space
- extended 3 times
- lower arch is a horseshoe shape, upper almost semicircular- has a delicate aesthetic
- built to to have a much more complex form than the mosque at Samarra
Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra Mosque
Ajmir,
India.
1192-1213CE
- originally a sanskrit college with a temple, then converted into a mosque
- indian islamic style
- used pieces from old hindu temples- with hindu gods and goddesses carefully removed
- square shaped exterior
- made from yellow limestone with a white marble mihrab
- 2 small fluted minarets
- floral motifs and koran inscriptions cut into the limestone
Humayan’s Tomb
Delhi,
India,
1565-1572CE
- first garden tomb on the Indian subcontinent
- made from red sandstone and white marble
- main tomb is preceded by smaller monuments on the route up to it
- square plan but cut away to seem octagonal
- arches, posts, lintels and beams
- double layered dome
- symmetrical
Yahya ibn al-Qasim Tomb
Mosul
Iraq
1239 CE
- shrine for Sheikh- around his tomb
- decorated with marble engravings and decorations, topped with conical dome
- saint was buried in a wooded coffin with arabic engravings around it
- ornamented vaulting inside- like the honeycomb ceilings
Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque
Isfahan, Iraq 1603-1619 - iranian architecture - islamic religious architecture - private for royal court- no minarets as not needed to summon people to prayer - exquisite tile work - tunnel from the palace to the mosque to avoid having to walk through the courtyard - ornamented vaulting on entrance
The Taj Mahal
Agra 1632-1639 - designed to be overwhelming - designed by emperor Shah Jahan - silhouette considered- onion domes - reflection in water - symmetry - made from white marble that is cut and coloured - each piece of mosaic is individually cut - minarets added later
Abbey Church of St Denis
also the Crossing
Abbot Sugar (patron)
near Paris, France
1140 CE
- french royal monastery
- abbot sugar was brought up by monks- administrative skills meant he succeeded i raising up the church ranks
- inquired about Hagia Sophia from travelers- meant to be most beautiful Christian building and wanted to trump it
- west front and choir were additions from Sugar
- large windows inside around the apse- let light in
Chartes Cathedral- west facade
Chartes, France (Notre Dame at Chartes)
1194-1260
- gothic design
- seam between gothic and romanesque work- new facades on pre existing church
- new facade included triple entrances and tower blocks and lancet windows
- site of shrine for virgin mary- tunic believed to have been worn by her
Strasbourg Cathedral
Erwin von Steinbach
France
1277 CE
- high/late gothic
- can be seen from a long way a way- very tall structure
- west front is covered in a number of figures
- high degree of linearity cut into the stone
- rose window, one opening on elevation and tall steeple and bell tower
Dome of Florence Cathedral- duomo
Filippo Brunelleschi Florence, Italy 1436 CE - ancient roman and gothic styles - the construction methods are seen from roman antiquity- double layered dome used to reduce to load needing to be supported - white marble veneer on exterior - the pointed arch profile of the dome speaks to gothic influence - renaissance style
Goodrich Castle
Herefordshire
William and Joan De Valence
1250 CE
- ruined now
- built initially due to Norman conquest threat
- had entrance on 1st floor as a defensive strategy
- renovated in 13th century to make it more live-able- added kitchen, grand bedrooms, servant quarters etc
- started as a stone keep/ tower house
Merchant Adventurers’s Hall
York
1357-1361
-Merchant guild of city funded building
- timber/ brick construction- timber framed
- prosperous city
- included main hall, undercroft, associated chapel, hospital, kitchen, male/female apartments
Crichton Castle
Midlothian
John Crichton
1390-1406
- higher status/ part of society
- reflected in hierarchal spaces
- vaulted cellars for prisoners, vaulted great hall for public events, private apartments
- adaptations to surrounding context so it integrated better with local people and area
- Countess Agnes Stewart responsible for this
Canongate Tollbooth
Sir Lewis Bellenden
1591
- administrative point for the burgh
- included a council chamber, courthouse and jail
- had a bell tower hanging over the street level
- conical spire
- stone forest air leading up to the entrance door
- gun loops on either side of the clock
Rievaulx Abbey
Yorkshire
1130s- 12th century
expanded by Abbot Aelred
- cistercian abbey till Henry VIII seized it in the abolition of the monasteries
- gothic in style
- gothic features seen in the abbey in the columns and arches
- traditional cross shape of the abbey plan
- complex expanded over time with the increase in funding
- good drainage and water supply
Palazzo Medici Riccardi
Michelozzo di Bartolomeo Florence 1444-1460 CE - grand courtyard in the centre - exterior is masculine, interior is feminine - heave rustication on the ground level - battle of pirate v public - seen to be intimidating - medici family were very important- wealth and method for intimidation - political statement
Ospedale degli Innocenti
Hospital for the Innocent
Filippo Brunelleschi
Florence, Italy
1419
- renaissance style
- mathematical order- single point perspective
- proportion- width of arches= height of arches
- commissioned by silk merchants as a moral compass - seen to be doing good as giving vulnerable women and children a home- despite them working for them
