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Neuro Boards > Thalamus and Hypothalamus > Flashcards

Thalamus and Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

thalamus

A

collection of subcortical grey matter and part of the diencephalon (along with the hypothalamus) involved in relaying information between different functional regions of the CNS
borders the dorsal part of the third ventricle and functions as part of the lateral wall of the ventricle

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2
Q

thalamic nuclei

A

relay, association, and nonspecific nuclei

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3
Q

relay thalamic nuclei

A

distinct inputs and outputs
includes: ventral posterior lateral (VPL) nucleus, ventral posterior medial (VPM) nucleus, lateral geniculate body/nucleus (LGN), medial geniculate body/nucleus (MGN), ventral anterior (VA) nucleus, ventral lateral (VL) nucleus

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4
Q

association thalamic nuclei

A

receive majority of their input from the cortex and project fibers to the other cortical regions
includes mediodorsal/dorsomedial nuclei, anterior nucleus, pulvinar

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5
Q

nonspecific thalamic nuclei

A

broadly project to numerous cortical regions
include reticular nucleus

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6
Q

ventral posterior lateral (VPL) nucleus

A

relay center for sensory information for the BODY
output is to the postcentral (sensory) gyrus

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7
Q

ventral posterior medial (VPM) nucleus

A

relay center for sensory information of the FACE
output is the postcentral (sensory) gyrus
VPM is also the relay center for taste

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8
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

A

relay center for vision. receives input from the retina with output to the primary visual cortex via optic radiations
optic radiations from the upper visual world travel through the temporal lobe and optic radiations from the lower visual world pass through the parietal lobe

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9
Q

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

A

relay center for hearing. receives input from the inferior colliculi and projects to the primary auditory cortex

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10
Q

ventral anterior (VA) nucleus

A

conveys motor information from basal ganglia to the premotor cortex
it plays a role in the initiation of movement

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11
Q

ventral lateral (VL) nucleus

A

conveys motor information from both the cerebellum and basal ganglia to the primary motor cortex

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12
Q

thalamic nuclei mnemonic

A

VPL: ‘very pretty LEGS’ (body)
VPM: ‘very pretty MOUTH’ (face)
LGN: ‘LOOKS good naked’ (vision)
MGN: ‘makes good NOISE’ (hearing)

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13
Q

mediodorsal/dorsomedial nuclei

A

receives input from the amygdala, subthalamic nucleus, and temporal lobe with output to the frontal cortex. it is involved in motivation and memory

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14
Q

lesions to mediodorsal nuclei

A

amnesia, behavioral issues, and executive dysfunction

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15
Q

anterior nucleus

A

receives input from the mammillary bodies with output to the cingulate gyrus. it is important for limbic function and memory formation

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16
Q

pulvinar

A

receives input from the superior colliculi as well as the association cortex and has outputs to many different regions in the cortex. it is involved in visual attention and is located in the posterior medial aspect of the thalamus

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17
Q

damage to the pulvinar

A

neglect and attention deficits
preferentially affected in patients with CJD

18
Q

reticular nucleus

A

receives input from many cortical regions and projects directly onto other thalamic nuclei. it is the only thalamic nucleus that does not project to the cortex
thought to play a role in sleep-wake cycles

19
Q
A
20
Q

thalamic vascular supply

A

four major vessels:
- polar (tuberothalamic) artery
- paramedian (thalamic-subthalamic) artery
- thalamogeniculate (inferolateral) artery
- posterior choroidal artery -

21
Q

polar (tuberothalamic) artery

A

originates from the posterior communicating artery (PCOM)
supplies anterior portion of the thalamus

22
Q

anterior circulation stroke affecting thalamus

A

anterior circulation strokes can present with anterior thalamic involvement due to the polar artery arising from the PCOM - all other thalamic strokes arise from posterior circulatory system
lead to wide range of neuropsychiatric changes

23
Q

paramedian (thalamic-subthalamic) artery

A

originates from the P1 segment of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) and supplies the dorsomedial nucleus

24
Q

infarction of paramedian (thalamic-subthalamic) artery

A

infarction has a range of neuropsychiatric symptoms
unilateral lesions can lead to language (dominant hemisphere) or visuospatial problems (non-dominant)
bilateral infarction can result in akinetic mutism. a top-of-the-basilar occlusion can commonly cause a bilateral infarction due to an anatomic variant known as the Artery of Percheron, where both paramedian arteries arise form a single pedicle on the P1 portion of PCA

25
Q

posterior choroidal artery

A

arises from the P2 segment of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
supplies the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and pulvinar among other nuclei

25
Q

thalamogeniculate (inferolateral) artery

A

originates from the P2 segment of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
thalaMoGENICULATE artery supplies multiple nuclei including the Medial GENICULATE nucleus (MGN)

26
Q

lesions to posterior choroidal artery

A

vision changes, variable sensory loss, weakness, and memory impairment

27
Q

thalamic dysfunction can cause wide range of symptoms and syndromes

A

generally lesions to a nucleus of the thalamus lead to dysfunction of that relay arc (e.g. lesion of the VPL leads to numbness of the contralateral body)

28
Q

Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome

A

thalamic pain syndrome
contralateral hemisensory loss of all modalities followed by body pain

29
Q

akinetic mutism

A

can develop with thalamic lesions, presumably with the involvement of the reticular nucleus
can also be seen in bilateral prefrontal lobe lesions or caudate lesions as well

30
Q

artery of Percheron stroke

A

vascular anatomic variant where one artery supplies both paramedian regions of the thalamus
clinically manifests with a decreased level of consciousness, hypersomnolence, aphasia/dysarthria, and oculomotor abnormalities

31
Q

what restricts diffusion in thalamus on MRI brain

A

status epilepticus and cerebral hypoxic ischemic injury

32
Q

hypothalamus

A

coordinating center of the endocrine system that helps maintain homeostasis containing several nuclei with various functions including autonomic function, body temperature regulation, and water balance

33
Q

lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

activates hunger/thirst
lesion: aphagia/adipsia

34
Q

medial preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

releases gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH)

35
Q

anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

temperature regulation
lesion: hyperthermia

36
Q

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

A

produces ADH and oxytocin (stored and released by posterior pituitary)
lesion: diabetes insipidus and impaired lactation

37
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus

A

circadian (24hr) pacemaker

38
Q

ventromedial nucleus (VMN) of the hypothalamus

A

satiety center
lesion: hyperphagia

39
Q

dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

aggression
lesion: may lead to docility

40
Q

posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

heat conservation
lesion: poikilothermia

41
Q

mammillary bodies

A

memory formation
poor long term memroy formation

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