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Cortex and Connections Flashcards

1
Q

number of cortical layers

A

6

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2
Q

exceptions to typical number of cortical layers and how many

A

hippocampus and parahippocampus which thin to 5 and then 3

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3
Q

cortical layers from superficial to deep

A
  1. molecular
  2. external granular
  3. external pyramidal
  4. internal granula
  5. internal pyramidal (ganglion)
  6. multiform
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4
Q

example of different areas of cortex with different characteristics

A

primary motor cortex has larger “layer 5” where there are more outgoing pyramidal cells (called Betz cells in the motor cortex)

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5
Q

5 lobes

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and limbic

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6
Q

frontal lobe bounds

A

central sulcus and lateral fissure

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7
Q

parietal lobe bounds

A

central sulcus, lateral fissure, and parieto-occipital fissure

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8
Q

temporal lobe bounds

A

sylvian fissure and preoccipital notch

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9
Q

occipital lobe bounds

A

parieto-occipital sulcus and preoccipital notch

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10
Q

limbic lobe bounds

A

consists of parahippocampal, cingulate, and subcallosal gyri

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11
Q

major gyri of frontal lobe

A

precentral - primary motor strip
superior frontal - supplementary motor area (SMA)
middle frontal - frontal eye fields
inferior frontal - pars orbitalis, pars triangularis, and pars opercularis

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12
Q

precentral gyrus

A

primary motor strip with motor homunculus

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13
Q

superior frontal gyrus

A

supplemental motor area (SMA)

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14
Q

middle frontal gyrus

A

contains frontal eye fields
necessary for voluntary saccadic eye movements

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15
Q

inferior frontal gyrus

A

pars orbitalis and pars triangularis - associated with Broca’s area
pars opercularis - role in thought, cognition and planning behavior

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16
Q

parietal lobe parts

A

post-central gyrus - primary sensory cortex with sensory homunculus
superior parietal lobule - somatosensory association area
inferior parietal lobule - sensory association cortex
precuneus - broad functions including visuospatial processing, memory, and first-person perspective
posterior portion of the paracentral lobule - tertiary somatosensory cortex involved in stereognosis

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17
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

contains primary sensory cortex

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18
Q

superior parietal lobule

A

somatosensory association area

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19
Q

inferior parietal lobule

A

two components: angular and supramarginal gyri
sensory association cortex and has a role in perception, vision, reading, and speech
lesion to this region can lead to Gerstmann’s syndrome

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20
Q

precuneus

A

area of cortex just anterior to the occipital lobe on the medial surface
broad functions including visuospatial processing, memory, and first-person perspective
early region of atrophy in Alzheimer’s dementia

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21
Q

posterior portion of the paracentral lobule

A

tertiary somatosensory cortex involved in stereognosis

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22
Q

stereognosis

A

perception, understanding, recognition, and identification of an object by touch
tested by having a patient feel an object and identify it, such as a paperclip or a set of keys
often accompanied by other deficits like agraphesthesia

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23
Q

occipital lobe parts

A

divided into the cuneus and lingual gyri by the calcarine fissure

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24
Q

primary visual cortex

A

straite cortex
within the banks of the calcarine fissure
lesions to bilateral primary visual cortices lead to Anton’s syndrome

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25
secondary visual cortex
visual association necessary for visual processing and depth lies dorsal and ventral to the primary visual cortex
26
tertiary visual cortex
where color, motion, and depth are processed located anterior to the secondary visual cortex
27
limbic system responsible
emotion, behavior, and long-term memory formation
28
limbic system structures
limbic lobe (parahippocampal, cingulate, and subcallosal gyri), amygdala, hippocampus, mammillary bodies, and anterior thalamus
29
Papez circuit
collection of structures of the limbic system that connect the limbic lobe and the hypothalamus
30
Parts of Papez Circuit
cingulate gyrus parahippocampal gyrus hippocampus fornix mammillary bodies anterior nucleus of the thalamus
31
cingulate gyrus location
immediately above the corpus callosum
32
cingulate gyrus
receives input from the thalamus and surrounding cortex projects fibers via the cingulum to the parahippocampal gyrus
33
damage to cingulate gyrus
unilateral damage can lead to apathy or cognitive dysfunction bilateral damage can cause akinesis and mutism
34
parahippocampal gyrus
represents the cortex that surrounds the hippocampus anterior region is entorhinal cortex, which is where the fibers from cingulate terminate axons from parahippocampal gyrus project to the hippocampus
35
hippocampus location
inferomedial temporal lobe
36
hippocampus projections
to the mammillary bodies via the fornix, which is its major efferent pathway
37
associated syndromes with abnormal hippocampus
gliosis and neuronal loss of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell layer can lead to mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) and focal seizures area CA1 particularly sensitive to ischemic damage Area CA2 is relatively spared whileCA3 and CA4 are less involved
38
lesions to bilateral hippocampi
profound anterograde amnesia
39
fornix
major outflow white fiber tract from the hippocampus synapse at the mammillary bodies located below splenium of the corpus callosum
40
mammillary bodies location
round, paired structures located on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus
41
mammillary bodies connection
mammillothalamic tract connects the mammillary nucleus to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus
42
mammillary body dysfunction
occurs in the setting of Wernicke's encephalopathy
43
anterior nucleus of the thalamus
the anterior thalamic nucleus projects to the cingulate cortex through the thalamocingulate fibers, completing the Papez's circuit
44
Papez circuit pathway
cingulate gyrus -> cingulum -> parahippocampal region -> hippocampus (subiculum) -> fornix -> mammillary bodies -> mammillothalamic tract -> anterior thalamic nucleus -> thalamocingulate fibers -> cingulate gyrus
45
temporal lobe gyri
three gyri: superior, middle, inferior separated by superior, middle, and inferior sulci
46
superior temporal gyrus
associated with language comprehension
47
damage to dominant superior temporal gyrus
leads to Wernicke's aphasia
48
posterior region of the superior temporal gyrus
transverse temporal gyrus of Heschl = primary auditory cortex - receives bilateral auditory input so unilateral lesions to this area do not lead to auditory disturbances
49
middle and inferior temporal gyri
role in formed vision and processing
50
fusiform gyrus
occipitotemporal gyrus necessary for facial recognition
51
lesion to fusiform gyrus
prosopagnosia/visual agnosia and Capgras delusion
52
prosopagnosia
failure to visually identify objects and faces
53
Capgras delusion
variant of prosopagnosia and psychosis where the patient has the belief that close friends and family are replaced by an imposter
54
major white matter tracts
U fibers Long association fibers Commissural fibers Projection fibers
55
U-fibers
aka arcuate fibers linking one gyrus to another most leukodystrophies will characteristically "spare the U-fibers" as opposed to a demyelinating process that will not U-fibers are some of the last (slowest) fibers to myelinate in development
56
Long association fibers
connect to different ipsilateral regions of the brain include: arcuate fasciculus, superior and inferior longitudinal fasciculi, uncinate fasciculus, cingulum
57
arcuate fasciculus
links Wernicke's and Broca's areas if damaged, pateitns will develop conduction aphasia
58
superior and inferior longitudinal fasciculi
like the arcuate fasciculus, the superior longitudinal fasciculus connects Wernicke's and Broca's areas inferior longitudinal fasciculi connect occipital and temporal lobes
59
uncinate fasciculus
connects the inferior temporal lobe to the orbital surface of the frontal lobe
60
cingulum
part of the Papez's circuit that connects the cingulate gyrus to the entorhinal cortex
61
commissural fibers
connect contralateral cerebral hemispheres includes: corpus callosum, anterior commissure, posterior commissure, hippocampal commissure
62
corpus callosum
organized into four segments; rostrum, genu, gody, and splenium alexia without agraphia occurs secondary to infarction of the splenium of the corpus callosum and left occipital lobe agenesis of the corpus callosum: a midline patterning defect that can be seen with other developmental abnormalities
63
anterior commissure
connects the olfactory bulbs, amygdala, and basal forebrain
64
posterior commissure
connects language processing centers from both hemispheres
65
hippocampal commissure
aides in memory function
66
projection fibers
link the brain and spinal cord can be either afferent or efferent internal capsule most important
67
internal capsule
divided into three regions: - anterior limb: has multiple different radiations but includes many thalamocortical fibers - genu: contains the corticobulbar tract (cortex to the brainstem) - posterior limb: contains corticospinal (axons from the primary motor cortex), somatosensory, and corticopontine fibers

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