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Neuro Boards > Cortex and Connections > Flashcards

Cortex and Connections Flashcards

1
Q

number of cortical layers

A

6

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2
Q

exceptions to typical number of cortical layers and how many

A

hippocampus and parahippocampus which thin to 5 and then 3

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3
Q

cortical layers from superficial to deep

A
  1. molecular
  2. external granular
  3. external pyramidal
  4. internal granula
  5. internal pyramidal (ganglion)
  6. multiform
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4
Q

example of different areas of cortex with different characteristics

A

primary motor cortex has larger “layer 5” where there are more outgoing pyramidal cells (called Betz cells in the motor cortex)

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5
Q

5 lobes

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and limbic

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6
Q

frontal lobe bounds

A

central sulcus and lateral fissure

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7
Q

parietal lobe bounds

A

central sulcus, lateral fissure, and parieto-occipital fissure

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8
Q

temporal lobe bounds

A

sylvian fissure and preoccipital notch

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9
Q

occipital lobe bounds

A

parieto-occipital sulcus and preoccipital notch

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10
Q

limbic lobe bounds

A

consists of parahippocampal, cingulate, and subcallosal gyri

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11
Q

major gyri of frontal lobe

A

precentral - primary motor strip
superior frontal - supplementary motor area (SMA)
middle frontal - frontal eye fields
inferior frontal - pars orbitalis, pars triangularis, and pars opercularis

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12
Q

precentral gyrus

A

primary motor strip with motor homunculus

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13
Q

superior frontal gyrus

A

supplemental motor area (SMA)

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14
Q

middle frontal gyrus

A

contains frontal eye fields
necessary for voluntary saccadic eye movements

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15
Q

inferior frontal gyrus

A

pars orbitalis and pars triangularis - associated with Broca’s area
pars opercularis - role in thought, cognition and planning behavior

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16
Q

parietal lobe parts

A

post-central gyrus - primary sensory cortex with sensory homunculus
superior parietal lobule - somatosensory association area
inferior parietal lobule - sensory association cortex
precuneus - broad functions including visuospatial processing, memory, and first-person perspective
posterior portion of the paracentral lobule - tertiary somatosensory cortex involved in stereognosis

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17
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

contains primary sensory cortex

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18
Q

superior parietal lobule

A

somatosensory association area

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19
Q

inferior parietal lobule

A

two components: angular and supramarginal gyri
sensory association cortex and has a role in perception, vision, reading, and speech
lesion to this region can lead to Gerstmann’s syndrome

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20
Q

precuneus

A

area of cortex just anterior to the occipital lobe on the medial surface
broad functions including visuospatial processing, memory, and first-person perspective
early region of atrophy in Alzheimer’s dementia

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21
Q

posterior portion of the paracentral lobule

A

tertiary somatosensory cortex involved in stereognosis

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22
Q

stereognosis

A

perception, understanding, recognition, and identification of an object by touch
tested by having a patient feel an object and identify it, such as a paperclip or a set of keys
often accompanied by other deficits like agraphesthesia

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23
Q

occipital lobe parts

A

divided into the cuneus and lingual gyri by the calcarine fissure

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24
Q

primary visual cortex

A

straite cortex
within the banks of the calcarine fissure
lesions to bilateral primary visual cortices lead to Anton’s syndrome

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25
Q

secondary visual cortex

A

visual association necessary for visual processing and depth
lies dorsal and ventral to the primary visual cortex

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26
Q

tertiary visual cortex

A

where color, motion, and depth are processed
located anterior to the secondary visual cortex

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27
Q

limbic system responsible

A

emotion, behavior, and long-term memory formation

28
Q

limbic system structures

A

limbic lobe (parahippocampal, cingulate, and subcallosal gyri), amygdala, hippocampus, mammillary bodies, and anterior thalamus

29
Q

Papez circuit

A

collection of structures of the limbic system that connect the limbic lobe and the hypothalamus

30
Q

Parts of Papez Circuit

A

cingulate gyrus
parahippocampal gyrus
hippocampus
fornix
mammillary bodies
anterior nucleus of the thalamus

31
Q

cingulate gyrus location

A

immediately above the corpus callosum

32
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

receives input from the thalamus and surrounding cortex
projects fibers via the cingulum to the parahippocampal gyrus

33
Q

damage to cingulate gyrus

A

unilateral damage can lead to apathy or cognitive dysfunction
bilateral damage can cause akinesis and mutism

34
Q

parahippocampal gyrus

A

represents the cortex that surrounds the hippocampus
anterior region is entorhinal cortex, which is where the fibers from cingulate terminate
axons from parahippocampal gyrus project to the hippocampus

35
Q

hippocampus location

A

inferomedial temporal lobe

36
Q

hippocampus projections

A

to the mammillary bodies via the fornix, which is its major efferent pathway

37
Q

associated syndromes with abnormal hippocampus

A

gliosis and neuronal loss of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell layer can lead to mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) and focal seizures
area CA1 particularly sensitive to ischemic damage
Area CA2 is relatively spared whileCA3 and CA4 are less involved

38
Q

lesions to bilateral hippocampi

A

profound anterograde amnesia

39
Q

fornix

A

major outflow white fiber tract from the hippocampus synapse at the mammillary bodies
located below splenium of the corpus callosum

40
Q

mammillary bodies location

A

round, paired structures located on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus

41
Q

mammillary bodies connection

A

mammillothalamic tract connects the mammillary nucleus to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus

42
Q

mammillary body dysfunction

A

occurs in the setting of Wernicke’s encephalopathy

43
Q

anterior nucleus of the thalamus

A

the anterior thalamic nucleus projects to the cingulate cortex through the thalamocingulate fibers, completing the Papez’s circuit

44
Q

Papez circuit pathway

A

cingulate gyrus -> cingulum -> parahippocampal region -> hippocampus (subiculum) -> fornix -> mammillary bodies -> mammillothalamic tract -> anterior thalamic nucleus -> thalamocingulate fibers -> cingulate gyrus

45
Q

temporal lobe gyri

A

three gyri: superior, middle, inferior separated by superior, middle, and inferior sulci

46
Q

superior temporal gyrus

A

associated with language comprehension

47
Q

damage to dominant superior temporal gyrus

A

leads to Wernicke’s aphasia

48
Q

posterior region of the superior temporal gyrus

A

transverse temporal gyrus of Heschl = primary auditory cortex
- receives bilateral auditory input so unilateral lesions to this area do not lead to auditory disturbances

49
Q

middle and inferior temporal gyri

A

role in formed vision and processing

50
Q

fusiform gyrus

A

occipitotemporal gyrus
necessary for facial recognition

51
Q

lesion to fusiform gyrus

A

prosopagnosia/visual agnosia and Capgras delusion

52
Q

prosopagnosia

A

failure to visually identify objects and faces

53
Q

Capgras delusion

A

variant of prosopagnosia and psychosis where the patient has the belief that close friends and family are replaced by an imposter

54
Q

major white matter tracts

A

U fibers
Long association fibers
Commissural fibers
Projection fibers

55
Q

U-fibers

A

aka arcuate fibers linking one gyrus to another
most leukodystrophies will characteristically “spare the U-fibers” as opposed to a demyelinating process that will not
U-fibers are some of the last (slowest) fibers to myelinate in development

56
Q

Long association fibers

A

connect to different ipsilateral regions of the brain
include: arcuate fasciculus, superior and inferior longitudinal fasciculi, uncinate fasciculus, cingulum

57
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A

links Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas
if damaged, pateitns will develop conduction aphasia

58
Q

superior and inferior longitudinal fasciculi

A

like the arcuate fasciculus, the superior longitudinal fasciculus connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas
inferior longitudinal fasciculi connect occipital and temporal lobes

59
Q

uncinate fasciculus

A

connects the inferior temporal lobe to the orbital surface of the frontal lobe

60
Q

cingulum

A

part of the Papez’s circuit that connects the cingulate gyrus to the entorhinal cortex

61
Q

commissural fibers

A

connect contralateral cerebral hemispheres
includes: corpus callosum, anterior commissure, posterior commissure, hippocampal commissure

62
Q

corpus callosum

A

organized into four segments; rostrum, genu, gody, and splenium
alexia without agraphia occurs secondary to infarction of the splenium of the corpus callosum and left occipital lobe
agenesis of the corpus callosum: a midline patterning defect that can be seen with other developmental abnormalities

63
Q

anterior commissure

A

connects the olfactory bulbs, amygdala, and basal forebrain

64
Q

posterior commissure

A

connects language processing centers from both hemispheres

65
Q

hippocampal commissure

A

aides in memory function

66
Q

projection fibers

A

link the brain and spinal cord
can be either afferent or efferent
internal capsule most important

67
Q

internal capsule

A

divided into three regions:
- anterior limb: has multiple different radiations but includes many thalamocortical fibers
- genu: contains the corticobulbar tract (cortex to the brainstem)
- posterior limb: contains corticospinal (axons from the primary motor cortex), somatosensory, and corticopontine fibers

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