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Block 5 (Basic Neuroscience) > Thalamus > Flashcards

Thalamus Flashcards

1
Q

True or False. The thalamus control the level of cortical excitability.

A

True.

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2
Q

True or False. The thalamus is involved in the awareness of pain.

A

2.True.

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3
Q

The diencephalon is located at what part of the brainstem?

A

The rostral end.

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4
Q

What are the three components of the diencephalon?

A

4.Epithalamus, Dorsal Thalamus, Subthalamus.

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5
Q

What four structures comprise the epithalamus?

A

5.Habenular Trigones, Epithelial root of the 3rd ventricle, Pineal Body, Striae Medullaris [HEPS]

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6
Q

The habenulae serves as a relay station between the ___________ and the ___________.

A

olfactory centers and the brainstem.

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7
Q

What is the site of convergence of the limbic forebrain pathway that conveys impulses to the rostral portions of the midbrain?

A

7.Habenulae

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8
Q

The habenulae gives origin to the ________.

A

8.habenula-interpeduncular tract or fasciculus retroflexus.

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9
Q

The lateral habenular nucleus receives afferent from what structures?

A
  1. Internal segment of the globus pallidus, lateral hypothalamus, substantia innominate, lateral preoptic area, ventral tegmental area, midbrain raphe nuclei.
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10
Q

The lateral habenular nucleus is the functional interface between ________ and _________.

A

10.limbic and motor systems.

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11
Q

The medial habenular nucleus has 3 types of neurons, what are these?

A

11.Cholinergic, serotonergic projections, and adrenergic innervation.

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12
Q

The cholinergic neurons receive afferents from _________ and __________.

A

12.posterior parts of the septal nuclei and midbrain raphe nuclei.

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13
Q

The serotoninergic projections receive from the ________.

A

midbrain raphe nuclei.

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14
Q

Adrenergic innervation receives from _________.

A

superior cervical ganglion.

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15
Q

What structure serves as an indirect photosensitive neuroendocrine organ?

A

15.Pineal Gland or the Epiphysis Cerebri

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16
Q

The pineal gland or epiphysis cerebri secretes _________, _________, and ___________.

A

16.serotonin, norepinephrine, melatonin. [SMN]

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17
Q

This structure serves as the terminal station of the sensory pathways.

A

Dorsal Thalamus

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18
Q

What are the two types of thalamic nuclei and their respective fiber connections?

A

18.Specific thalamic nuclei has connections to the cerebral cortex while Nonspecific nuclei has connections to the brainstem.

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19
Q

What are the 2 medullary lamina of the thalamus?

A

19.Internal and External

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20
Q

Where is the internal medullary lamina located?

A

20.Between the medial nuclei group and the lateral and anterior nuclei groups

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21
Q

Where is the external medullary lamina located?

A

21.Between the lateral nuclear group and the reticular nucleus which encloses the lateral surface of the thalamus.

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22
Q

The fibers of the thalamic radiation or corona radiata runs in what fashion through the internal capsule toward the cerebral cortex?

A

Oblique

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23
Q

The neuronal circuit is composed of the _________ and the ________.

A

23.thalamocortical limb and the corticothalamic limb.

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24
Q

What happens if the circumscribed cortical fields were destructed?

A

There will be neuronal death in the respective thalamic nuclei. And this is called the retrograde degeneration.

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25
What is the cortical projection of the anterior nuclei?
25.Cingulate gyrus
26
What is the cortical projection of the medial nuclei?
26.Frontal lobe
27
What is the cortical projection of the lateral nuclei?
Parietal lobe
28
What is the cortical projection of the ventral anterior?
Premotor complex
29
What is the cortical projection of the ventral lateral?
29.Motor precentral area
30
What is the cortical projection of the ventral posterior?
30.Sensory post central area
31
What is the cortical projection of the pulvinar?
Parietal and temporal and cuneus
32
What is the cortical projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus?
32.Visual cortex
33
What is the cortical projection of the medial geniculate nucleus?
33.Auditory cortex
34
What are the lateral subdivisions according to Hassler?
34.Lateropolar nucleus. dorso-oral, dorsointermediate, dorsocaudal nucleus, ventro-oral, ventrointermediate, ventrocaudal nucleus, and central zone
35
The anterior nuclear group receives hypothalamic input from the mammilary nucleus through what tract?
35. Mamillothalamic tract
36
The limbic system is also known as the what?
36.Papez circuit of emotion
37
The medial nuclear group projects to what lobe of the cerebrum?
The frontal lobe.
38
The afferent fibers of the medial nuclear group are from the _______ and _________.
Globuspallidus and basal nucleus.
39
What is the main function of the medial nuclear group?
It determines the basic affective mood.
40
True or False. The lateral nuclear group receives any extrathalamic input.
40.False, it does not receive.
41
The lateral nuclear group is efferent to what lobe of the cerebrum?
41.The parietal lobe.
42
What is the afferent of the Ventral Nuclear (Ventral Anterior) Group?
42.The Globuspallidus, probably in the caudate nucleus and the nonspecific thalamic nuclei.
43
The ventral nuclear group (ventral lateral) is afferent from _______.
43.crossed superior cerebral peduncle.
44
What part of the brain influences voluntary movement (body posture, coordination, muscle tone).
44.Cerebellum
45
The ventral nuclear group (ventral posterior) is also called _______.
45.The ventrobasal complex
46
46.What nuclear group serves as the nucleus of termination of general somatic afferent (touch, pain, temperature) and special visceral afferent (taste) fibers.
ventral nuclear group (ventral posterior)
47
The ventral nuclear group (ventral posterior) is efferent to ______.
Sensory Postcentral area.
48
What are the 2 subnuclei of the ventral nuclear group (ventral posterior)?
48.Ventral posterolateral nucleus and Ventral posteromedial nucleus.
49
Lesions from this nucleus result in contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation, loss of tactile discrimination in the head and results in ipsilateral loss of taste.
49.Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus
50
The metathalamus or the Lateral Geniculate Body is also termed as the ____.
50.visual relay nucleus.
51
The afferent of the left lateral geniculate body is _____________ and the _______.
51. temporal half of the left eye and nasal half of the right eye.
52
The afferent of the right lateral geniculate body is _____________ and the _______.
52.temporal half of the right eye and nasal half of the left eye.
53
The metathalamus (medial geniculate body) is the relay station of the ___________ pathway.
Auditory pathway.
54
The afferent of the metathalamus (medial geniculate body) is the _________________.
54.ipsilateral inferior colliculus.
55
The efferent of the metathalamus (medial geniculate body) is the ____________.
55.Auditory cortex at the Transverse Temporal Gyri or Heschl’s convolutions of the temporal lobe.
56
The metathalamus (medial geniculate body) projects to the primary auditory cortex via the __________.
56.Auditory radiation.
57
The pulvinar is divided into four parts:
pars superior, pars inferior, pars medialis, pars lateralis
58
True or False. The pulvinar receives extrathalamic input.
False, it does not receive.
59
Afferents of Pulvinar: ______ and ______.
59. Lateral Geniculate Nucleus and Medial Geniculate Body
60
This is the continuation of the reticular formation of the brainstem into the diencephalon.
Reticular Nucleus.
61
The reticular nucleus projects to the __________.
61.Thalamic Nuclei.
62
What is the function of the reticular nucleus?
62.It integrates and gates the activities of thalamic neurons.
63
The nonspecific thalamic nuclei has connections to the ________, _________, and __________.
63.brainstem, diencephalic nuclei, and corpus striatum.
64
The ________________ is afferent from brainstem reticular formation,cerebellum, globus pallidus, cerebral cortex, spinothalamic and trigerminal lemniscus.
Nonspecific Thalamic Nuclei.
65
The nonspecific thalamic nuclei is efferent to the _____ and _________.
64. other thalamic nuclei and striatum.
66
The thalamus is mostly supplied by the _______ and partly by ____________.
65.Deep branches of the posterior cerebral artery; anterior choroidal artery.
67
The subthalamus is a continuation of the __________.
66.midbrain tegmentum
68
This is the motor zone of the diencephalon.
67. Subthalamus
69
True or False. The nonspecific thalamic nuclei is said to be cortex independent. This means that neurons are not injured by the removal of the cortex.
True
70
This is the nuclei of the central thalamic gray matter.
Median/Midline Nuclei.
71
70.The ________________ includes the paratenial, central, rhomboidal and reuniens nuclei; all are in close relationship to the mass intermedia or interthalamic adhesions.
Median/ Midline Nuclei.
72
The median or midline nuclei receives input from the ________, _________, _____, and ______.
hypothalamus, brainstem nuclei, amygdala, and parahippocampus
73
The median or midline nuclei sends output to the ______ and ______.
limbic system and ventral striatum.
74
This is the largest of the nonspecific thalamic nuclei and is considered as the centromedian-parafascicular nuclear complex.
Centromedian Nucleus.
75
The ventrocaudal parvocellular part of the centromedian nucleus projects to the ____.
Putamen
76
The dorso-oral magnocellular part of the centromedian nucleus projects to the _____.
caudate nucleus.

Block 5 (Basic Neuroscience) (3 decks)

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