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Block 5 (Basic Neuroscience) > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

Basal Ganglia is also called as the __________.

A

1.Basal Nuclei.

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2
Q

How many paired masses of gray matter embedded in the white matter of cerebral hemispheres are there in the basal nuclei?

A

Four pairs

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3
Q

Basal nuclei is for the control of __________.

A

motor function

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4
Q

If the basal nuclei is injured, what happens?

A

4.Unilateral or bilateral motor disturbances, including tremors, rigidity, and uncontrolled, aimless movements.

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5
Q

The basal ganglia is __________ to the thalamus.

A

Lateral

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6
Q

What are the four components of the basal nuclei?

A

6.Corpus Striatum, Substantia Nigra, Subthalamic Nucleus, Amygdaloid Nuclear Complex.

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7
Q

The corpus striatum is composed of the ________ and ________.

A

striatum and the globus pallidus.

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8
Q

The Striatum or Neostriatum is composed of the _________ and __________.

A

8.Caudate nucleus and putamen.

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9
Q

The amygdaloid nuclear complex is also closely related to ________.

A

limbic system.

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10
Q

Basal Ganglia: motor; Thalamus:_________.

A

sensory

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11
Q

The corticospinal tract is also known as ___________.

A

Pyramidal Tract.

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12
Q

The corticospinal tract is composed of what cells?

A

Pyramidal cells

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13
Q

The corticospinal tract are composed of (afferent or efferent) fibers.

A

13.Efferent, they originate from cortex and travel to the spinal cord.

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14
Q

topographical map of the brain.

A

Homunculus

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15
Q

visual representation which details which part of the brain is responsible for a specific function.

A

Homunculus

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16
Q

Parts of the Brain associated with the Pyramidal Tract.

A

Primary Motor Cortex

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17
Q

Parts of the Brain associated with the ExtrapyramidalTract.

A

17.Corpus Striatum, Substantia Nigra, Subthalamic Nucleus

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18
Q

What is the main function of the basal ganglia?

A

18.It fine tunes movement. The corticospinal tract is responsible for general movement but the basal ganglia perk it up or add spice to the movement.

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19
Q

Is the basal ganglia associated with cognition?

A

19.Yes, because of its association with the prefrontal cortex

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20
Q

C-shaped mass of gray matter that is closely related to the lateral ventricles.

A

20.Caudate nucleus.

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21
Q

The caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus are separated by the __________.

A

internal capsule.

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22
Q

The lentiform nucleus is composed of the _____ and the _________.

A

22.putamen and globus pallidus.

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23
Q

A wedge-shaped mass of gray matter broad convex base is directed laterally and its blade, medially.

A

The lentiform nucleus.

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24
Q

A thin sheet of white matter that separates the lentiform nucleus from the claustrum.

A

24.external capsule.

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25
Q

large mass of white matter that almost entirely divides the corpus striatum into the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus.

A

Internal Capsule

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26
Q

This capsule contains the fibers leading to and from the cerebral cortex to the rest of the brain and spinal cord (Corticospinal Tracts).

A
  1. internal capsule.
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27
Q

Consists of fibers fanning out from the internal capsule to various parts of the cortex.

A

27.The corona radiata.

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28
Q

Resembles an almond (hence the name); situated in the temporal lobe close to the uncus and also considered a part of the limbic system.

A

The Amygdaloid Nuclear Complex

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29
Q

Situated partly anterior and partly superior to the tip of the inferior horn on the lateral ventricle.

A

Amygdaloid Nuclear Complex

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30
Q

In the lateral ventricles, the floor of the body of the lateral ventricles is congruent with the ______ of the caudate nucleus.

A

Body of the caudate nucleus.

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31
Q

In the lateral ventricles, the roof of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricles, which is congruent with the _______ of the caudate nucleus.

A

31.Tail of the caudate nucleus.

32
Q

The lateral part of the lentiform nucleus.

A

Putamen.

33
Q

medial part of the lentiform nucleus; divided into external and internal portions by a lamina.

A

Globus pallidus.

34
Q

Gray matter that separates the external capsule from the subcortical white matter of the insula.

A

Claustrum.

35
Q

What are the subgroupings of the basal ganglia.

A

35.Lentiform nucleus, striatum, and corpus striatum.

36
Q

The corpus striatum receives afferent fibers from different areas of the _____, ______, ________, and ______.

A

cerebral cortex, thalamus, subthalamus, and brain stem

37
Q

What are the afferent fibers of the cortex (corticostriate) and its corresponding neurotransmitter?

A

37.(Premotor, Supplementary motor, Motor, Somatosensory) NT: Glutamate (Excitatory)

38
Q

What are the afferent fibers of the thalamus (thalamostriate) and its corresponding neurotransmitter?

A

38.Centromedian-parafascicular nuclear complex (Putamen), Intralaminar nuclei (Caudate Nucleus); NT: GABA (mostly inhibitory)

39
Q

What are the afferent fibers of the substantia nigra (nigrostrate) and its corresponding neurotransmitter?

A

39.Pars Compacta (Putamen; Head of Caudate Nucleus); NT: Dopamine (Inhibitory)

40
Q

What are the afferent fibers of the brainstem and its corresponding neurotransmitter?

A

Dorsal and median raphe (towards Striatum); NT: Serotonin

41
Q

The Striopallidal efferent fibers go towards the _______.

A

41.Globus pallidus

42
Q

The Strionigal efferent fibers go towards the _______

A

Substantia nigra.

43
Q

In the efferent fibers of the striatal connections, GABA is ____ while substance P is _________

A

inhibitory; excitatory.

44
Q

What are the afferent fibers of the connections of the globus pallidus?

A

44.Striopallidal Fibers, Subthalomapallidal Fibers

45
Q

What are the efferent fibers of the connections of the globus pallidus?

A
  1. Thalamus, Subthalamus, Epithalamus, Brainstem, Substantia Nigra
46
Q

The pallidofugal fiber systems are complicated and can be divided into four groups:

A

46.The ansalenticularis, fasciculus lenticularis, pallidotegmental fibers, and pallidosubthalamic fibers.

47
Q

The Ansa lenticularis is from medial part of GP and curves toward the ______.

A

47.thalamus

48
Q

Lenticular fasciculus- connects the medial part of GP passing the ________.

A

48.internal capsule.

49
Q

The thalamic fasciculus is composed of ____ and ______.

A

49.ansa lenticularis and the lenticular fasciculus.

50
Q

This structure connects the globus pallidus with the thalamus.

A

Lenticular fasciculus.

51
Q

What type of circuit has an association with the corticospinal system in controlling complex patterns of motor activity the basal ganglia help the cortex execute subconscious but learned patterns of movement?

A

51.Putamen Circuit.

52
Q

Flow of the Putamen Circuit.

A

52.Premotor, supplementary areas of motor cortex, somatosensory areas of the sensory cortex  Putamen  Globus pallidus (internal) ventroanterior and ventrolateral relay nuclei of the thalamus  [back to] cerebral primary motor cortex, portions of premotor and supplementary cerebral areas closely associated with the primary motor

53
Q

Flow of the ancillary circuits.

A

53.putamen  Globus pallidus (external), subthalamus, substantia nigra

54
Q

This condition is caused by the lesion in the globus pallidus and it is chaacterized by spontaneous and often continuous, writhing movements of a hand, an arm, the neck, or the face.

A

Athetosis.

55
Q

This condition is caused by the lesion in the subthalamus and it is characterized by flailing movements of an entire limb.

A

Hemiballismus.

56
Q

This condition is caused by the lesion in the putamen and it is characterized by the flicking movements in the hands, face, and other parts of the body.

A

Chorea.

57
Q

This condition is caused by the lesion in the substantia nigra and it is characterized by the rigidity, akinesia (loss of voluntary control), and tremors.

A

Parkinson’s disease.

58
Q

The cognitive control of sequences of motor patterns involve what circuit?

A

58.The caudate circuit.

59
Q

This circuit helps plan multiple sequential patterns of movement to accomplish a purposeful task (e.g. When you are walking in the dark and a dog suddenly barks, you instinctively perform a series of movements to escape.).

A

59.Caudate Circuit.

60
Q

Flow of the Caudate Circuit.

A

60.cerebral cortex  caudate nucleus  Globus pallidus (internal)  relay nuclei of the ventroanterior and ventrolateral thalamus  [back to] prefrontal, premotor, and supplementary motor areas of the cerebral cortex (concerned with the production of sequential patterns of movement that last for at least 5 seconds)

61
Q

Severe lesions on Basal Ganglia may result poor __ and ____ functions.

A

61.Timing and scaling.

62
Q

This is an important cortical area; locus of the spatial coordinates for motor control of all the parts of the body, as well as the relation to body and its parts on the surrounding environment.

A
  1. Posterior parietal cortex.
63
Q

Damage in the Posterior parietal cortex results to ______.

A

agnosia.

64
Q

Personal neglect syndrome is caused by severe damage on the posterior parietal cortex making the person avoid using the (ipsilateral, contralateral) side of the damage side of the posterior parietal cortex.

A

Contralateral

65
Q

Neurotransmitter of the pathways from the subtantia nigra to the caudate nucleus of the putamen.

A

Dopamine.

66
Q

Neurotransmitter of the pathways from the caudate nucleus and putamen to the globuspallidus and subtantia nigra.

A

GABA.

67
Q

Neurotransmitter of the pathways from the cortex to the caudate nucleus and putamen.

A

Acetylcholine.

68
Q

Rigidity in the muscle tone is caused by defect in the ______.

A

extrapyramidal tract.

69
Q

Spasticity in the muscle tone is caused by the defect in the _____.

A

pyramidal tract.

70
Q

This disease is characterized by the neuronal degeneration and depigmentation of
substantianigra
to the depletion of dopaminergic neurons.

A

Parkinsons disease.

71
Q

Parkinsons disease is also called the _______.

A

paralysis agitans.

72
Q

This disease is characterized by the degenerative changes in the caudate nucleus, resulting in destruction of striatonigra lGABAergic neurons.

A

72.Huntington’s disease.

73
Q

True or False. Huntingtons disease is an autosomal dominant disease.

A

True

74
Q

Dementia in Huntington’s disease probably does not result from loss of GABA neurons but from the loss of __________, perhaps especially in the thinking areas of the cerebral cortex.

A

acetylcholine-secreting neurons.

75
Q

This syndrome is characterized by slow, writhing, worm-like movements involving the extremeties, trunk, neck

A

75.Athetosis.

76
Q

This syndrome is characterized by the abnormal persistence of limb and trunk postures.

A

76.Dystonia.

77
Q

This syndrome is characterized by an abnormality in the subthalamic nucleus and wild, flinging movements of the arm/leg on one side of the body.

A

77.Hemmiballismus.

Block 5 (Basic Neuroscience) (3 decks)

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