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AN3MNA > Thalamus > Flashcards

Thalamus Flashcards

1
Q

Five roles of the thalamus

A
  1. Relay of sensory info to cortex
  2. Smooth & accurate movements
  3. Alertness & emotional aspect of sensation
  4. Cortical pacemaker
  5. Compensates for dysfunctions in other areas
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2
Q

Different EEG bands are divided by _

A

frequency

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3
Q

Delta wave frequency

A

0-3 Hz

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4
Q

Delta wave amplitude (high or low)

A

high

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5
Q

Delta waves are seen during…

A

deep sleep in adults

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6
Q

Theta wave frequency

A

4-7 Hz

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7
Q

Theta waves are seen during…

A

light sleep in adults

normal in children when awake

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8
Q

Alpha wave frequency

A

8-12 Hz

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9
Q

Alpha waves are seen during…

A

Arousal when relaxed with eyes closed

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10
Q

Beta wave frequency

A

12-30 Hz

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11
Q

Beta waves are seen during…

A

Busy/anxious thinking & active concentration

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12
Q

Alpha waves are located…

A

posteriorly, higher on dominant side

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13
Q

Beta waves are located…

A

mostly frontally, symmetrically distributed

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14
Q

Gamma wave frequency

A

26-100 Hz

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15
Q

Gamma waves are seen during…

A

specific cognitive or motor functions

theorised to be involved in the binding problem

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16
Q

Thalamus location

A
  • largest structure of diencephalon - between the midbrain and cerebral hemispheres
  • forms the lateral walls of the third ventricle
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17
Q

Thalami are joined by the _

A

interthalamic adhesion

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18
Q

Cell groups of the thalamus

A

mediodorsal, lateral, anterior

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19
Q

Cell groups of the thalamus are divided by

A

the internal medullary lamina

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20
Q

Functional categorisation of thalamic nuclei

A

relay/specific
non-specific
associative

21
Q

Relay nuclei

A

reciprocally connected to specific motor/sensory areas of cortex

22
Q

Example of non-specific thalamic nuclei

A

intralaminar nuclei

reticular nuclei

23
Q

Associative nuclei

A

reciprocally connected to associated areas of th cortex

24
Q

Structural divisions of the thalamic nuclei

A 
Anterior nuclei (AN)
Medial dorsal nuclei (MD)
Ventral nuclei (VNG)/
25
Q

AN is part of _ circuit

A

Papez circuit (decalarative memory)

26
Q

Afferent supply comes from _ via _

A

mammillary body of hypothalamus

mammilothalamic tract

27
Q

AN projects to _

A

cingulate gyrus

from there on to entorhinal cortex, hippocampal formation and hypothalamus

28
Q

Synchronisation of _ waves between AN and hippocampus

A

theta

29
Q

Result of mammillothalamic tract damage?

A

Memory and language impairement

30
Q

Result of disconnection of mammillary bodues from Papez circuit?

A

Amnaesia

31
Q

Korsakoffs Syndrome

A

degeneration of AN due to thiamine deficiency in alcoholism

32
Q

Three divisions of VNG

A

ventral anterior
ventral lateral
ventral posterior

33
Q

VA receives afferents from the _ and projects to the _

A

globus pallidus

prefrontal cortex & premotor cortex

34
Q

VA forms the _ loop

A

cortical loop of the basal ganglia

35
Q

VL receives afferents from _ and projects to the _

A 
anteriorly:
globus pallidus
supplementary motor cortex
posteriorly:
contralateral cerebellum (via dentatorubrothamocorical tract)
primary motor cortex
36
Q

VL forms part of the _ loop

A

motor loop of the basal ganglia

37
Q

Disease associated with basal ganglia disorders

A

Parkinson’s (movement abnormalities)

38
Q

What is abnormal about thalami of Parkinson’s patients?

A

Display sleep-like Theta rhythms when awake

Ablating thalamus can reduce or abolish tremors and rigidity

39
Q

VP receives afferents from _ and projects to the _

A

all fibres carrying general sensory info
from contralateral head, neck and body
to a conscious level
(via medial, spinal and trigeminal lemnisci)
somatosensory cortex
(lesser bundle projects to the second somatic sensory area of the parietal lobe)

40
Q

LGN receives afferents from _ and projects to the _

A 
retinal fibres (via optic tract)
primary visual cortex (via optic radiation)
41
Q

LGN basic structure

A

layers of cell bodies with neutropil between

42
Q

MGN receives afferents from _ and projects to the _

A

inferior colliculus of midbrain (via inferior brachium)

primary auditory cortex

43
Q

Two non-specific nuclei

A 
Intralaminar nuclei (internal medullary lamina)
reticular nuclei (between external medullary lamina and internal capsule on the lateral part of the thalamus)
44
Q

Three intralaminar nuclei and their associated loops

A

Anterior nuclei - limbic-cingulate gyrus circuit in the emotional loop
Medial dorsal nuclei - feedback loop with frontal cortices, maintains wakefulness in executive frontal processing areas
Centromedian nucleus - feedback loop with frontal and basal ganglia for motor alertness

45
Q

Result of intralaminar nuclei damage

A

Reduction in pain perception and in conciousness level

46
Q

Reticular nucleus overall function

A

Dampen down thalamic output to the cortex

47
Q

Thalamic peduncles

A

four bundles connecting the thalamus and the cortex

48
Q

Four thalamic peduncles & their paths

A

anterior (prefrontal cortex and cingulate gyrus via the anterior limb of the internal capsule)
superior (premotor, motor and somatosensory cortex via posterior limb of internal capsule)
posterior (occipital lobe and posterior parts of parietal and temporal lobes via retrolentiform part of internal capsule)
inferior (temporal and orbital cortex via lentiform nucleus)

AN3MNA (9 decks)

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