Thacker Introduction

Question 1

5 pillars of animal health

Answer 1

Nutrition, breeding, disease, environment, management

Question 2

5 functional components of plant/animals tissue

Answer 2

Fats, CHOs, Protein, Ash, Water

Question 3

Absorption

Answer 3

Passage of the end-products of digestion from the GI into the body via the blood and lymph

Question 4

Digestion

Answer 4

Taking big particles and making them small by a series of chemical reactions and hydrolysis

Question 5

Metabolism

Answer 5

changes which nutrients undergo between the absorption and excretion as waste products

Question 6

Anabolism

Answer 6

making molecules bigger. uses energy

Question 7

Catabolism

Answer 7

making molecules smaller, gives off energy

Question 8

purpose of nutrition

Answer 8

meet requirements at the lowest cost

Question 9

(5) What makes a good diet?

Answer 9

1. Contains all the ingredients
2. All the essential nutrients in the right proportions
3. Palatable
4. Economical
5. No toxic substances

Question 10

Nutrient

Answer 10

a chemical element or compound in the diet of an animal that supports normal life processes (essential nutrients are key)

Question 11

6 Classes of nutrients

Answer 11

1. Vitamins,
   
   2. Minerals
   3. Water
   4. CHOs
   5. Protein
   6. Lipids

Question 12

5 reasons for doing a feed analysis

Answer 12

1. Give a balanced diet
2. For use in estimating TDN or Net energy
3. Solve a production problem
4. Give a market value for feed
5. Verify a commercial guarantee??

Question 13

Nutrition

Answer 13

Science of how nutrients in the feed are utilized and converted into animal products

Question 14

Cautions with NRC tables (3)

Answer 14

1. minimum requirements
2. don’t consider stress, disease or parasite load
3. sensitive to environmental conditions

Question 15

6 parts to the Proximate Analysis

Answer 15

1. Moisture content
2. Ash (minerals)
3. Crude protein
4. ether extract (lipid measure)
5. crude fiber (CHOs)
6. nitrogen free extract (NFE - for CHOs)

Question 16

Steps to measure moisture (4)

Answer 16

Weigh –> go to 100C in oven —> weigh –> calc (weight after/ beginning weight)

Question 17

Ash - characteristics (5)

Answer 17

• not individual measurement
• 600C burning
• P and Se are destroyed
• measuring is the same procedure as water

Question 18

Wet ashing

Answer 18

using HClO (perchloric acid) to burn for P and Se

Question 19

Kjeldahl Process (6)

Answer 19

weigh –> Boil in H2SO4 (to get ammonia sulfate) –> Add NaOH (ammonia OH) –> Add water in a known amount of HB (boric) –> Titrate in HCl (measures ammonia) –> multiply by 6.25

Question 20

Flaws in Kjeldahl (2)

Answer 20

1. all nitrogen comes from protein

2. all protein contains 16% N

Question 21

Soxhlet process (4)

Answer 21

Weigh —> dehydrate –> extract with petroleum ether (or soxhlet extractor) –> evaporate (whats left is lipid)
High extract = high energy feed

Question 22

Inaccuracies in Soxhlet (2)

Answer 22

1. Accounts for undigestible lipids

2. does not get the individual vitamins (so we expect the in the feeds anyway)

Question 23

Process of measuring CF (4)

Answer 23

Weigh –> Boil in H2SO4 (30 min) –> Boil in NaOH (30 min) —> dry and weigh –> residue/beginning weight. This process simply mimicks the stomachs process

Question 24

Van Soest method

Answer 24

partitions fiber into soluble and insoluble

Question 25

NDF =

Answer 25

Hemicellulose, Cellulose, and Lignin (hemicellulose is the most indigestible)

Question 26

ADF =

Answer 26

Lignin and Cellulose

Question 27

NFE calculation

Answer 27

NFE = 100 - (H2O, ASH, CF, CP, EE)

Question 28

Advantages of Proximate Analysis (3)

Answer 28

cheap, decently accurate, basis of TDN

Question 29

Amino Acid Analysis Steps (4)

Answer 29

Hydrolysis —> Separation —> Detection —> ID and quantify

Question 30

3 methods of hydrolysis

Answer 30

1. Acid (6 Normals HCl for a day)
2. Basic Hydrolysis (4 Normals NaOH) - doesn’t get Trp
3. Performic Acid Hydr. (for Cysteine and Serine)

This is just to liberate the AA

Question 31

Acid Hydrolysis doesn’t account for

Answer 31

Met, Cys, Trp

Question 32

Basic Hydrolysis doesn’t account for

Answer 32

most except Trp

Question 33

Performic acid does account for

Answer 33

Cys, Ser

Question 34

How do you separate after Hydrolysis?

Answer 34

Ion exchange chromotography - in an AA chromatogram

Question 35

Quantifying AA content

Answer 35

take the area under the curve of the Chromatogram

Question 36

What chemicals are used to identify AA?

Answer 36

Ninhydrin, and OPA

Question 37

Steps in Atomic Absoprtion (5)

Answer 37

Ash –> solubilize them (HCl) —> suck sample into flame (to be in ground state) –> use energy from a hollow cathode lamp (for specific emittance) –> amount of light will reflect concentration

Question 38

Which element is not measured by Atomic Absoprtion and how is it measured?

Answer 38

P, by colorimetric method

Question 39

What does GLC do (gas-liquid chromatography)?

Answer 39

measures individual fatty acids. Shorter ones come off first. Also, double bonds fall off later.