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Nutrition > Thacker CHOs > Flashcards

Thacker CHOs Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Ribose (3)

A

In ATP, in NADH (trapping Xylose and Arabinose), in Riboflavin (in FADH2)

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2
Q

Galactose (3)

A

galactosides (in nervous tissue)
galactolipids (in leaves and often clovers)
in Raffinose and Stachylose (most important in soybeans)

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3
Q

Fructose (4)

A

sweetest
part of sucrose
ketose sugar
forms insulin which can measure kidney function

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4
Q

Aspartame (2)

A

200 times sweeter than sucrose

Contains phenylalanine, aspartic acid, and methanol

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5
Q

Dissacharides (4)

A

Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose, Cellobiose

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6
Q

Sucrose

A

needs sucrase which is not in infants

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7
Q

Cellobiose (2)

A

2 glucose with a beta bond

beta is when bacteria can break them down

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8
Q

Raffinose (2)

A

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose (one of each)

in cottonseed, baked beans, sugar beets, molasses

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9
Q

Stachyose (4)

A 
promotes friendly bacteria in the hind-gut (probiotic)
2 gal, 1 glu, 1 fru
in soybeans
causes farting and discomfort
lowers digestibility
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10
Q

Starch (2)

A

70% in seeds and 30% in tubers/roots

amylose and amylopectin

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11
Q

Amylose (3)

A

water soluble
alpha 1,4 linkage and unbranched
30% of starch in most plants

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12
Q

Amylopectin (3)

A

1,6 alpha bond for branches
Broken by glucosidase
70% of starch in most plants

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13
Q

Gelatinization (3)

A

moist heat rupture of starch granule (have to defeat high H bonding on surface)
Have to extract and expand

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14
Q

Glycogen

A

Literally the same as amylopectin except more branched and shorter branches

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15
Q

Cellulose (3)

A 
in fiber (structural)
not water soluble
same as amylose except with beta linkages
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16
Q

Hemi-cellulose (4)

A

the greater portion of a plant cell wall
more indigestible than Cellulose
xyloglucan with beta 1,4 link to methylglucouronic acid
Not in ADF

17
Q

Lignin

A

phenylpropane
more as the plant matures
in between the other cell components

18
Q

Beta-Glucan

A

in bran
linear unbranched polysaccharides of b1,3 and b1,4
becomes a digesting problem for poultry because of the viscous intestinal fluid (soluble) that it makes
b-glucanase breaks it down

19
Q

Pentosans (Xylans)

A

xylose backbone with arabinose side chains
causes poor digestion
broken down by xylanase

20
Q

carbohydrase activity happens … (3)

A

salivary glands
pancreas
epithelium of small intestine

21
Q

CHO breakdown in Mouth

A

salivary amylase (alpha 1,4 to dextrins which make glucose and maltose)

22
Q

CHO breakdown in the Stomach

A

pH is too low

23
Q

CHO breakdown in the SI

A

pancreatic amylase

  1. first to disaccharides
  2. then to monosacc
24
Q

Monogastric digestion of CHO in the intestinal lumen

A

the starches via alpha amylase

25
Q

monogastric digestion of CHO on the brush border

A

all the ases for respective disaccharides

26
Q

mechanisms of absorption

A
  1. passive diffusion

2. Active transport (must be D-config., have OH on C2, and a methyl on C5)

27
Q

Consequences of high H+ (more from acetate than anything)

A

makes a lactic acidosis
rumen has to get rid of H by
1. making methane
2. add H to PUFA to make saturated (fat)

28
Q

Golden VFA rule

A

Anything that lowers the rumen pH will favor propionate, and whatever buffers or raises will favor acetate

29
Q

Factors affecting relative VFA proportions (5)

A 
level of feed intake
feeding frequency
proportions of starch and fiber
size of particles
rumen modifiers
30
Q

Increase Acetate production (4)

A

feed more frequently
increase roughage
grind feed more coarse
include buffers

31
Q

increase propionate (4)

A

include rumensin
feed less often
grind feed finely
increase concentrate

32
Q

Functions of CHO (6)

A 
energy
anti-ketogenic
protein sparing
bulk
structural
palatable

Nutrition (6 decks)

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