TFR

Question 1

what does TFR stand for?

Answer 1

total fertility rate

Question 2

what affects TFR?

Answer 2

total fertility rate is affected by:
- the age at which females have their first child
- educational opportunities for females
- access to family planning
- government acts and policies

Question 3

when is a population considered relatively stable?

Answer 3

when the fertility rate is at replacement levels

Question 4

if the fertility rate in a population is at replacement levels, then that population is:

Answer 4

relatively stable

Question 5

what are the factors associated with infant mortality rates?

Answer 5

whether mothers have access to good healthcare and nutrition

Question 6

what leads to changes in infant mortality rates over time?

Answer 6

changes in factors associated with infant mortality rates such as if mothers have access to good healthcare and nutrition

Question 7

what is TFR?

Answer 7

the average number of children a woman in a population will bear throughout her lifetime

Question 8

a higher TFR denotes:

Answer 8

• a higher birth rate
• higher population growth rate (generally)

Question 9

what is replacement level fertility?

Answer 9

the TFR required to offset deaths in a population and keep population size stable

Question 10

what is the replacement level fertility (how many kids)? how does replacement level fertility vary in different countries?

Answer 10

• replacement level fertility is usually about 2 kids in developed countries (replace mom and dad)
• it is higher in less developed countries due to higher infancy mortality

Question 11

what is the infant mortality rate?

Answer 11

the number of deaths of children under 1 year per 1,000 people in a population

Question 12

how does IMR vary among countries?

Answer 12

IMR is higher in less developed countries due to lack of access to healthcare, clean water, and enough food

Question 13

what leads to a higher TFR?

Answer 13

a higher IMR

Question 14

why does a higher IMR denote a higher TFR?

Answer 14

because families will have replacement children

Question 15

what are the factors involved in IMR decline?

Answer 15

• access to clean water
• access to healthcare (hospitals, vaccines, vitamins and supplements for mothers and children)
• more reliable food supply

Question 16

a decrease in global IMR leads to:
why?

Answer 16

a decrease in global TFR because parents don’t need to have replacement children

Question 17

what factors affect TFR?

Answer 17

development (affluence) and government policy

Question 18

how does affluence affect total fertility rate?

Answer 18

more developed wealthy nations have a lower TFR than less developed nations
- more educational access for women
- more economic opportunities for women
- higher access to family planning education and contraceptives (abortion, oral medication, condoms)
- later age of first pregnancy
- less need for children to provide income through agricultural labor (more developed countries don’t have an agrarian economy)
- educational and economic opportunities require time, leaving less time for raising children

Question 19

how does government policy affect TFR?

Answer 19

can play a huge role in fertility by coercive (foreceful) or noncoercieve (encouraging) policies
- forced or voluntary sterilization (countries will provide free procedures for men and women or even provide economic incentives)
- china’s 1 (now 2) child policy (significant tax on families with more than 1 child)
- tax incentives to have fewer children
- microcredits or loans to women without children to start businesses

Question 20

lower IMR =

Answer 20

lower TFR

Question 21

the higher the income of a woman…

Answer 21

the less children she’ll typically have