Textual Variations Flashcards
Lexical words
relate directly to objects, ideas, actions and description. They have a definable meaning.
Function words
have a grammatical purpose but do not carry the same level of meaning/information
Nouns
Name of something. People, places, objects
Proper nouns
Names of people, organisations and places. Have capital letters.
Common nouns
Collective, Abstract, Concrete
Collective noun
swarm, flack, group
Abstract noun
love, air, jealousy
Concrete noun
table, chair, notepad
When something is promoted positively or negatively.
Positive and Negative Connotations
Comparative adjective
comparing one thing to another
Superlative adjective
compares to the highest degree
Verbs
a doing word
a base term of a verb is infinitive. It hasn’t got a specific time or place.
Descriptive adjective
an ajective that describes a noun e.g heavy, red, soft
Evaluative adjective
an adjective with an implicit degree of judgement or bias e.g good, bad
Emotive adjective
an adjective with an explicit degree of judgment or bias e.g fantastic, terrible
Phrasal verb
verbs in two parts with an attached prepositon or adverb e.g tuck in, run away
Adverb of Manner
describes verbs e.g slowly, weirdly, happily, softly
Adverb of Degree (intensifier)
modify adjectives and indicate a degree of force or emphasis e.g very, really
Adverb of Frequency
state how often e.g always, sometimes, never
Adverb of Time
state when e.g tomorrow, last year
Declarative sentence function
make a statement e.g. I like crisps ( + exclamation mark for an exclamatory sentence)
Imperative sentence function
offer a command or advice/invitation e.g don’t eat them but do enjoy studying them
Interrogative sentence function
ask questions e.g how often do you eat junk food?
Minor sentence
a sentence without a subject/verb e.g lovely crisps
Simple sentence
a sentence with one main clause e.g I like crisps
Compound sentence
a sentence with two main clauses joined by a coordinate conjunction e.g I like crisps but I don’t eat them often
Complex sentence
a sentence with a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses joined by a subordinate conjunction e.g I like crisps because of all the different flavours
Dynamic verb
refers to an action e.g Jim cried like a baby
Stative verb
express a condition or state e.g Sarah HATES cheese
Primary auxiliaries
to be, to have to do
9 modal auxiliaries (expressing the necessity or probability of something happening)
can could shall would will would must may might
Connotative language
used to represent our opinion and attitudes, this can create biased views
graphology
what the text looks like e.g colours, font
Formal and Informal
what the text is like e.g causal or serious
speech ‘er’
non-verbal filler
synthetic personalisation
addressing a mass audience as if they were individuals
Onomatopoeia
crunch, bang
Prepositions
to, onto, into, against
Tag question
it was good wasn’t it
Speaker nomination
Tony, what do you think of this idea
Paralinguistic language
it’s great to see you [arms out smiling]
Emphatic stress
you said WHAT to her
Elision
wassup, mate
Adjacency pairs
A: any good?
B: quite good yeah
Deixis/ deictic language
pass us that over here can you
Pre modify
an adjective that you put in front of a noun e.g blue sky
Future tense verb
I will…
Written or Spoken text
planned or unplanned formal or informal transactional (convo for set purpose) or interactional (social) delayed or immediate distant or close standard or non-standard permanent or ephemeral
Direct address
directed directly at the reader/audience
Assertion
because we’re worth it
Neologism
a new word e.g temptational
Topics to analyse
Content Audience Mode Genre Purpose
Hypernym
a broad category e.g Pet
Hyponym
a specific thing e.g Pony
Syntax
word order
Amelioration
to make something better e.g hope this will help
Acronym
NASA
