Phonology

Question 1

at 3 months the child may be
heard to produce recognizable
sounds such as velar consonants
and ‘high vowels’

Answer 1

Cooing
e.g. [i] and [u].
Velar consonants -
put the back of your tongue
against the back of your
palate
/k/
kick
/g/
gag
/ŋ/
hang

Question 2

By 6 months the child can usually
produce a number of different
vowel and consonant sounds,
including fricatives and nasals.
Combinations of consonant and
vowel sounds can begin to sound
like syllables

Answer 2

Babbling:
e.g. ‘da’

Some sounds are more of
a challenge, requiring
more control.
e.g. ‘/z/’ zoo

Question 3

Groups of consonants are avoided
and certain consonants are left
out
SKY  GY
PLAY  PEY
APPLE  APPO

Answer 3

deletion

patterns at 1-2 years

Question 4

Certain sounds are replaced with
others
RED  WED
SEE  TEE
GONE  DON

Answer 4

substitution

patterns at 1-2 years

Question 5

Unstressed sounds or syllables are
dropped (often at the start or end
of the word)
BANANA  NANA
CAT  CA

Answer 5

reduction

patterns at 1-2 years

Question 6

Extra sounds are included,
particularly vowels to make CVC
words
BLUE  BALOO
PIG  PIGGA

Answer 6

addition

patterns at 1-2 years

Question 7

using repetition of simplified parts of a word in
place of its proper form
BOTTLE  BU-BU
WATER  WO-WO
WINDOW  MU-MU

Answer 7

Reduplication

patterns at 1-2 years

Question 8

temporary substitution of one word for a
phonologically similar one
CHICKENS KITCHENS

Answer 8

Replacement

patterns at 1-2 years

Question 9

pronunciation can vary a great deal from one day to the
next
PEN PIN PUN PON PEM

Answer 9

Variation

patterns at 1-2 years

Question 10

The fis phenomenon (at 3 years)

Answer 10

1960 Berko & Brown
The fis phenomenon is a phenomenon of child language acquisition that
demonstrates that perception of phonemes occurs earlier than the ability of the
child to produce those phonemes.
“This is my fis.”
“Your fis?”
“No, my fis.”
“Oh. Your fish.”
“Yes. My fis.”