TEXTBOOK TEST 2 Flashcards
lowest to highest exercise intensity
moderate
heavy
very heavy severe
percents of lactate used as a substrate
70% produced during exercise is oxidized
20% converted to glucose
10% converted to amino acids
major sources of energy during exercise
carbs and fats
low intensity uses what source for energy
fats
high intensity uses what source for energy
carbs
what is the CNS responsible for
memory and learning
what are the two main parts of the nervous system
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
what does the CNS consist of
brain and spinal cord
what are the two subdivisions of the PNS
sensory
motor
what does the sensory division in PNS do
transmission of neuron impulses from organs to CNS
afferent fibers
what does the motor division in PNS do
efferent fibers
what does the motor division in PNS further divide into
somatic motor division
autonomic motor division
what does the somatic motor division do
innervates skeletal muscle
what does the autonomic division do
innervates involuntary effector organs
afferent
somatic sensory
visceral sensory
special sensory
efferent
somatic motor
automatic motor
somatic sensory
sensory input that is consciously perceived from receptors
visceral sensory
sensory input that is not consciously perceived from receptors
somatic motor
motor output that is consciously or voluntarily controlled
effector is skeletal muscle
automatic motor
motor output that is not consciously or involuntarily controlled
effectors are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands
what does the automatic motor system further break into
sympathetic
parasympathetic
enteric
3 regions of a neuron
cell body
dendrites
axon
cell body
center of operation
contains nucleus
dendrites
thin, branched processes that extend from cell body
receptive area that can conduct electrical impulses toward body
axon
- called action potentials
away from cell body toward another neuron
each neuron only has one axon
what is the contact between an axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron called
synapses
schwann cells
in large nerve fibers (skeletal muscle)
insulating layer of cells
saltatory conduction
skips from node to node to shorten total length
at rest, what charge are neurons inside the cell
negative
what two factors influence the magnitude of resting membrane potential
permeability of cell membrane
difference in ion concentration between intracellular and extracellular fluids
what is an action potential
when depolarization reaches a threshold, and more sodium gates open
what does depolarization cause
increase in membrane permeability to potassium
all or none law
if a nerve impulse is initiated, it will travel the entire length of an axon without decrease in voltage
temporal summation
summing of several EPSP from a single presynaptic neuron over a short time period
spatial summation
sum of EPSP from several different presynaptic inputs
EPSP can bring postsynaptic neuron to threshold in two ways
temporal summation
spatial summation
transmitter at the neural muscle junction is
acetylcholine
what does acetylcholine do
opens channels to permit sodium to enter nerve or muscle cell
what happens when enough sodium enters postsynaptic membrane
depolarization starts
hyperpolarization of membrane is called
inhibitory postsynaptic potential
what are receptors that provide CNS with info about body position called
proprioceptors
kinesthesia
conscious recognition of the position of body parts with respect to each other, also speed of movement
three principles of joint proprioceptors
free nerve endings
golgi type receptors
pacinian corpuscules
free nerve endings
most abundant
sensitive to touch and pressure
golgi type receptors
found in ligaments around joints
pacinian corpuscles
found in tissue around joints
adapt rapidly following initiation of movement
skeletal muscle contains what sensory receptors
muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs
sensory feedback includes
info concerning tension
muscle length
golgi tendon organs provide CNS with what feedback
tension of muscle
muscle spindles provide CNS with what sensory info
relative length of muscle
muscle spindles run which way
parallel with muscle fibers
muscle spindles contain two types of sensory nerve endings
primary
secondary
muscle spindles primary endings do what
respond to dynamic change in muscle length
muscle spindles secondary endings do what
provide CNS with continuous info concerning static muscle length
function of muscle spindle
assist in movement
maintain posture
what happens when golgi tendon organs are activated
send info to spinal cord via sensory neurons, excite inhibitory neurons
what does the vestibular apparatus do
maintains balance and equilibrium
three major parts of the motor control functions of the brain
cerebrum
cerebellum
brain stem
cerebral cortex three main functions
organization of complex movement
storage of learned experiences (memory)
reception of sensory info
cerebellum function
coordination and monitoring complex movement
brain stem function
metabolic functions:
ex: cardiorespiratory
major structures of brain stem
medulla
pons
midbrain
reticular formation
series of complex neurons scattered throughout stem
what effector organs do autonomic nerves innervate
non voluntary
sympathetic nervous system
activate organ
found in thoracic/lumbar region
neurotransmitter is norepinephrine
norepinephrine
binds to alpha or beta receptors
parasympathetic nervous system
inhibit organ
found in brain stem/sacral portion
neurotransmitter is acetylcholine
at rest, what is the relationship between parasympathetic and sympathetic
in balance
during exercise, what is the relationship between parasympathetic and sympathetic
parasympathetic decreases
sympathetic increases
during cessation, what is the relationship between parasympathetic and sympathetic
parasympathetic increases
sympathetic decreases
three important functions of skeletal muscle
force generation for locomotion and breathing
force generation for postural support
heat production during cold stress
muscles that decrease joint angle
flexors
muscles that increase joint angle
extensors
outer most layer that covers muscle
epimysium
connective tissue
perimysium
individual bundles of muscle fiber
fascicle
each muscle fiber is surrounded by connective tissue called
endomysium
muscle cells are multi or singular nucleated
multi
cell membrane surrounding muscle fiber cell is called
sarcolemma
satellite cells
undifferentiated cells that are key in muscle growth and repair
myonuclear domain
the volume of sarcoplasm surrounding an individual nucleus
myofibrils
numerous threadlike structures that contain contractile proteins
tow major types of protein filaments in myofibrils
myosin
actin
two proteins located on actin
troponin
tropomyosin
sarcoplasmic reticulum
serves as storage site calcium
what triggers muscular contraction
calcium release
the site where motor neuron and muscle cell meet
neuromuscular junction
what causes the muscle to shorten
actin sliding over myosin
excitation-concentration coupling
sequence of events in which a nerve impulse reaches the muscle membrane and leads to muscle shortening
energy for muscular contraction comes from
breakdown of ATP by myosin ATPase
what does troponin and tropomyosin regulate
muscular contraction by controlling interaction of actin and myosin
transverse tubules
facilitates rapid signal transmission for synchronized muscle contraction
motor end plate
pocket formed around motor neuron by sarcolemma
neuromuscular cleft
short gap between neuron and muscle fiber
muscle shortening (z line)
smaller
muscle shortening (m line)
same
muscle shortening (h zone)
disappears
muscle shortening (a band)
same
muscle shortening (I band)
smaller
z line
seperates one sarcomere from another
m line
buldge where myosin filaments are joined
h zone
distance b/w 2 actin filaments
a band
length of myosin
I band
distance b/w myosin of 2 seperate sarcomeres
sources of atp
phosphocreatine
glycolysis
oxidative phosphorolaytion
thick filament
myosin
thin filaments
actin
tropomyosin
troponin
