TEXTBOOK TEST 2

Question 1

lowest to highest exercise intensity

Answer 1

moderate
heavy
very heavy severe

Question 2

percents of lactate used as a substrate

Answer 2

70% produced during exercise is oxidized
20% converted to glucose
10% converted to amino acids

Question 3

major sources of energy during exercise

Answer 3

carbs and fats

Question 4

low intensity uses what source for energy

Answer 4

fats

Question 5

high intensity uses what source for energy

Answer 5

carbs

Question 6

what is the CNS responsible for

Answer 6

memory and learning

Question 7

what are the two main parts of the nervous system

Answer 7

central nervous system
peripheral nervous system

Question 8

what does the CNS consist of

Answer 8

brain and spinal cord

Question 9

what are the two subdivisions of the PNS

Answer 9

sensory
motor

Question 10

what does the sensory division in PNS do

Answer 10

transmission of neuron impulses from organs to CNS

afferent fibers

Question 11

what does the motor division in PNS do

Answer 11

efferent fibers

Question 12

what does the motor division in PNS further divide into

Answer 12

somatic motor division
autonomic motor division

Question 13

what does the somatic motor division do

Answer 13

innervates skeletal muscle

Question 14

what does the autonomic division do

Answer 14

innervates involuntary effector organs

Question 15

afferent

Answer 15

somatic sensory
visceral sensory
special sensory

Question 16

efferent

Answer 16

somatic motor
automatic motor

Question 17

somatic sensory

Answer 17

sensory input that is consciously perceived from receptors

Question 18

visceral sensory

Answer 18

sensory input that is not consciously perceived from receptors

Question 19

somatic motor

Answer 19

motor output that is consciously or voluntarily controlled

effector is skeletal muscle

Question 20

automatic motor

Answer 20

motor output that is not consciously or involuntarily controlled

effectors are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

Question 21

what does the automatic motor system further break into

Answer 21

sympathetic
parasympathetic
enteric

Question 22

3 regions of a neuron

Answer 22

cell body
dendrites
axon

Question 23

cell body

Answer 23

center of operation
contains nucleus

Question 24

dendrites

Answer 24

thin, branched processes that extend from cell body

receptive area that can conduct electrical impulses toward body

Question 25

axon

Answer 25

- called action potentials away from cell body toward another neuron each neuron only has one axon

Question 26

what is the contact between an axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron called

Answer 26

synapses

Question 27

schwann cells

Answer 27

in large nerve fibers (skeletal muscle) insulating layer of cells

Question 28

saltatory conduction

Answer 28

skips from node to node to shorten total length

Question 29

at rest, what charge are neurons inside the cell

Answer 29

negative

Question 30

what two factors influence the magnitude of resting membrane potential

Answer 30

permeability of cell membrane difference in ion concentration between intracellular and extracellular fluids

Question 31

what is an action potential

Answer 31

when depolarization reaches a threshold, and more sodium gates open

Question 32

what does depolarization cause

Answer 32

increase in membrane permeability to potassium

Question 33

all or none law

Answer 33

if a nerve impulse is initiated, it will travel the entire length of an axon without decrease in voltage

Question 34

temporal summation

Answer 34

summing of several EPSP from a single presynaptic neuron over a short time period

Question 35

spatial summation

Answer 35

sum of EPSP from several different presynaptic inputs

Question 36

EPSP can bring postsynaptic neuron to threshold in two ways

Answer 36

temporal summation spatial summation

Question 37

transmitter at the neural muscle junction is

Answer 37

acetylcholine

Question 38

what does acetylcholine do

Answer 38

opens channels to permit sodium to enter nerve or muscle cell

Question 39

what happens when enough sodium enters postsynaptic membrane

Answer 39

depolarization starts

Question 40

hyperpolarization of membrane is called

Answer 40

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Question 41

what are receptors that provide CNS with info about body position called

Answer 41

proprioceptors

Question 42

kinesthesia

Answer 42

conscious recognition of the position of body parts with respect to each other, also speed of movement

Question 43

three principles of joint proprioceptors

Answer 43

free nerve endings golgi type receptors pacinian corpuscules

Question 44

free nerve endings

Answer 44

most abundant sensitive to touch and pressure

Question 45

golgi type receptors

Answer 45

found in ligaments around joints

Question 46

pacinian corpuscles

Answer 46

found in tissue around joints adapt rapidly following initiation of movement

Question 47

skeletal muscle contains what sensory receptors

Answer 47

muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

Question 48

sensory feedback includes

Answer 48

info concerning tension muscle length

Question 49

golgi tendon organs provide CNS with what feedback

Answer 49

tension of muscle

Question 50

muscle spindles provide CNS with what sensory info

Answer 50

relative length of muscle

Question 51

muscle spindles run which way

Answer 51

parallel with muscle fibers

Question 52

muscle spindles contain two types of sensory nerve endings

Answer 52

primary secondary

Question 53

muscle spindles primary endings do what

Answer 53

respond to dynamic change in muscle length

Question 54

muscle spindles secondary endings do what

Answer 54

provide CNS with continuous info concerning static muscle length

Question 55

function of muscle spindle

Answer 55

assist in movement maintain posture

Question 56

what happens when golgi tendon organs are activated

Answer 56

send info to spinal cord via sensory neurons, excite inhibitory neurons

Question 57

what does the vestibular apparatus do

Answer 57

maintains balance and equilibrium

Question 58

three major parts of the motor control functions of the brain

Answer 58

cerebrum cerebellum brain stem

Question 59

cerebral cortex three main functions

Answer 59

organization of complex movement storage of learned experiences (memory) reception of sensory info

Question 60

cerebellum function

Answer 60

coordination and monitoring complex movement

Question 61

brain stem function

Answer 61

metabolic functions: ex: cardiorespiratory

Question 62

major structures of brain stem

Answer 62

medulla pons midbrain

Question 63

reticular formation

Answer 63

series of complex neurons scattered throughout stem

Question 64

what effector organs do autonomic nerves innervate

Answer 64

non voluntary

Question 65

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 65

activate organ found in thoracic/lumbar region neurotransmitter is norepinephrine

Question 66

norepinephrine

Answer 66

binds to alpha or beta receptors

Question 67

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 67

inhibit organ found in brain stem/sacral portion neurotransmitter is acetylcholine

Question 68

at rest, what is the relationship between parasympathetic and sympathetic

Answer 68

in balance

Question 69

during exercise, what is the relationship between parasympathetic and sympathetic

Answer 69

parasympathetic decreases sympathetic increases

Question 70

during cessation, what is the relationship between parasympathetic and sympathetic

Answer 70

parasympathetic increases sympathetic decreases

Question 71

three important functions of skeletal muscle

Answer 71

force generation for locomotion and breathing force generation for postural support heat production during cold stress

Question 72

muscles that decrease joint angle

Answer 72

flexors

Question 73

muscles that increase joint angle

Answer 73

extensors

Question 74

outer most layer that covers muscle

Answer 74

epimysium

Question 75

connective tissue

Answer 75

perimysium

Question 76

individual bundles of muscle fiber

Answer 76

fascicle

Question 77

each muscle fiber is surrounded by connective tissue called

Answer 77

endomysium

Question 78

muscle cells are multi or singular nucleated

Answer 78

multi

Question 79

cell membrane surrounding muscle fiber cell is called

Answer 79

sarcolemma

Question 80

satellite cells

Answer 80

undifferentiated cells that are key in muscle growth and repair

Question 81

myonuclear domain

Answer 81

the volume of sarcoplasm surrounding an individual nucleus

Question 82

myofibrils

Answer 82

numerous threadlike structures that contain contractile proteins

Question 83

tow major types of protein filaments in myofibrils

Answer 83

myosin actin

Question 84

two proteins located on actin

Answer 84

troponin tropomyosin

Question 85

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 85

serves as storage site calcium

Question 86

what triggers muscular contraction

Answer 86

calcium release

Question 87

the site where motor neuron and muscle cell meet

Answer 87

neuromuscular junction

Question 88

what causes the muscle to shorten

Answer 88

actin sliding over myosin

Question 89

excitation-concentration coupling

Answer 89

sequence of events in which a nerve impulse reaches the muscle membrane and leads to muscle shortening

Question 90

energy for muscular contraction comes from

Answer 90

breakdown of ATP by myosin ATPase

Question 91

what does troponin and tropomyosin regulate

Answer 91

muscular contraction by controlling interaction of actin and myosin

Question 92

transverse tubules

Answer 92

facilitates rapid signal transmission for synchronized muscle contraction

Question 93

motor end plate

Answer 93

pocket formed around motor neuron by sarcolemma

Question 94

neuromuscular cleft

Answer 94

short gap between neuron and muscle fiber

Question 95

muscle shortening (z line)

Answer 95

smaller

Question 96

muscle shortening (m line)

Answer 96

same

Question 97

muscle shortening (h zone)

Answer 97

disappears

Question 98

muscle shortening (a band)

Answer 98

same

Question 99

muscle shortening (I band)

Answer 99

smaller

Question 100

z line

Answer 100

seperates one sarcomere from another

Question 101

m line

Answer 101

buldge where myosin filaments are joined

Question 102

h zone

Answer 102

distance b/w 2 actin filaments

Question 103

a band

Answer 103

length of myosin

Question 104

I band

Answer 104

distance b/w myosin of 2 seperate sarcomeres

Question 105

sources of atp

Answer 105

phosphocreatine glycolysis oxidative phosphorolaytion

Question 106

thick filament

Answer 106

myosin

Question 107

thin filaments

Answer 107

actin tropomyosin troponin