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KNS 480 > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of atriums
Eject blood

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2
Q

Diastole

A

relaxation of heart

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3
Q

what happens in systole

A

ventricles contract
tricuspid/mitral valves close

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4
Q

what happens in diastole

A

ventricle relax and fill with blood
av valves open

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5
Q

ECG

A

electrocardiogram

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6
Q

P phase of EKG

A

atrial depolarization

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7
Q

SA node

A

sinoatrial node

  • pacemaker of heart
  • sets heartbeat
  • located in right atrium
  • causes atria to contract
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8
Q

QRS phase of ECG

A

ventricular depolarization and arterial repolarization

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9
Q

T phase of EKG

A

ventricular repolarization

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10
Q

AV node

A

atrioventricular node

  • b/w right atrium + ventricle
  • electrical impulses spread to ventricles during heartbeat
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11
Q

bundle branches

A

messages travel through these to septums of heart

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12
Q

perjunke fibers

A

on outer walls of ventricles

  • allow for depolarization of ventricular tissues
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13
Q

graph HR , SV, CO in response to incremental exercise

A

HR : increases linearly toward max
SV : increases and then plateus
40-60% VO2 max (no plateu in trained ppl)
CO: increases linearly

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14
Q

how do parasympathetic factors regulate HR during exercise

A

decreases HR by inhibiting SA + AV nodes
- vagus nerve

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15
Q

how do sympathetic factors regulate HR during exercise

A

increases HR by stimulating SA and AV nodes
- cardiac accelerator nerve

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16
Q

what factors affect SV during exercise

A

end diastolic volume, strength of contraction

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17
Q

end diastolic volume

A

volume of blood in each ventricle at end of diastole

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18
Q

how does exercise influence venous return

A
  • venoconstriction
  • muscle pump : rhythmic skeletel muscle contractions force blood in extremities toward heart
  • respiratory pump : changes in thoracic pressure pull blood toward heart
  • change in pressure : difference b/w MAP and right atrial pressure
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19
Q

Venoconstriction

A

under sympathetic control pushes blood toward heart

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20
Q

what factos determine blood flow during exercise

A
  • skeletal muscle vasodilation
  • increases artery resistance
  • decreased blood flow to tissues
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21
Q

changes that occur to HR in a hot environment

A

increase

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22
Q

changes that occur to SV in a hot environment

A

decrease

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23
Q

changes that occur to CO in a hot environment

A

increase

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24
Q

HR during prolonged exercise

A

gradual increase toward max

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25
Q

SV during prolonged exercise

A

gradual decrease due to dehydration
reduced plasma volume

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26
Q

CO during prolonged exercise

A

maintained at high level

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27
Q

Compare heart rate and blood pressure responses to arm and leg work at the same oxygen uptake. What factors might explain the observed differences?

A

both HR and blood pressure increase higher during an arm workout compared to leg
- HR Due to higher sympathetic stimulation
-BP Due to vasoconstriction of large inactive muscle mass

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28
Q

Capillaries

A

Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body

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29
Q

deoxygenated blood flow

A
  1. From the body
  2. Superior & inferior vena cava
  3. Right atrium
  4. Tricuspid valve
  5. Right ventricle
  6. Pulmonary artery (to lungs for O2/CO2 exchange)
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30
Q

oxygenated blood flow

A
  1. Pulmonary vein (from lungs to get O2)
  2. Left atrium
  3. Bicuspid (mitral) valve
  4. Left ventricle
  5. Aorta
  6. To body
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31
Q

Myocardium

A

muscular, middle layer of the heart

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32
Q

myocardial infarction (MI)

A

Heart Attack; due to blockage in coronary blood flow preventing the O2 supply resulting in cell damage

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33
Q

Cardiac Output

A

The volume of blood ejected from the left side of the heart in one minute

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34
Q

Cardiac Output equation

A

HR x SV

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35
Q

What happens to CO during exercise

A

increases

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36
Q

Qmax determined by

A

body size and aerobic fitness

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37
Q

What happens to HR during exercise

A

increases

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38
Q

Maximum HR

A

highest HR achieved in all-out effort to volitional fatigue

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39
Q

Maximum HR equation

A

220-age

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40
Q

Stroke Volume (SV)

A

The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction

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41
Q

What happens to SV during exercise

A

increase until about 40-60% then plateaus

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42
Q

During Max exercise how does a trained individual differ

A

A trained individual will have a higher CO, SV, and lower HR

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43
Q

Pulse Pressure

A

the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure

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44
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

A

time averaged pressure in arteries

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45
Q

MAP equation

A

DBP+0.33(SBP-DBP)

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46
Q

Hypertension

A

higher than normal blood pressure

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47
Q

Short term BP regulation

A

sympathetic nervous system and baroreceptors

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48
Q

increase in BP=

A

decreased SNS activity

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49
Q

decrease in BP=

A

increased SNS activity

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50
Q

long term BP regulation

A

Mostly controlled by kidneys via control of blood volume by hormones

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51
Q

RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)

A

Renin is released by kidneys in response to decreased blood volume & maintains blood pressure

52
Q

Changes in BP during exercise

A

SBP increases linearly
DBP remains fairly constant
MAP increases linearly

53
Q

Ejection Fraction (EF) equation

A

EF = SV/EDV

54
Q

Partial Pressure equation

A

Blood Flow = P1-P2/Resistance

55
Q

Frank-Starling Mechanism

A

A mechanism by which the stroke volume of the heart is increased by increasing the venous return of the heart (thus stretching the ventricular muscle)

56
Q

Baroreceptors

A

detect changes in blood pressure

57
Q

primary function of pulmonary system

A

exchange of gases between the environmental air and blood

58
Q

secondary function of pulmonary system

A

plays an important role in the regulation of the acid-base balance during exercise

59
Q

major anatomical components of pulmonary system

A

lungs, diaphragm, larynx & pharynx, nasal cavity, trachea, bronchial tree

60
Q

Respiration

A

exchange of gas molecules through a membrane or liquid

61
Q

Ventilation

A

movement of air in and out of the lungs

62
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

63
Q

conducting zone

A

conducts air to respiratory zone, humidifies, warms, and filters air

64
Q

components of conducting zone

A

trachea, bronchial tree, bronchioles

65
Q

Respiratory Zone

A

exchange of gases between air and blood

66
Q

components of respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs

67
Q

Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio (V/Q)

A

the ratio between ventilation and perfusion in the lung; matching of ventilation to perfusion optimizes gas exchange

68
Q

Heavy exercise results in V/Q inequality (Ventilation becomes higher and blood flow also increases)

A

Ventilation becomes higher and blood flow also increases

69
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape

70
Q

Light exercise improves

A

V/Q (moves closer to 1.0)

71
Q

Overperfusion to

A

base of lungs

72
Q

Underperfusion to

A

apex of lungs

73
Q

Ficks law

A

law stating that the net diffusion rate of a gas across a fluid membrane is proportional to the difference in partial pressure, proportional to the area of the membrane, and inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane

74
Q

Factors that influence the rate of diffusion across blood-gas interface in the lung

A

Volume of gas area for diffusion
Difference in Partial Pressure
Membrane thickness

75
Q

the greater the difference in partial pressure

A

the greater rate of diffusion

76
Q

the thinner the membrane

A

the higher the diffusion

77
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

at constant volume and temperature, the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases

78
Q

Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COPD)

A

Increased airway resistance
Due to Constant airway narrowing
Decreased expiratory airflow

79
Q

Intrapulmonic pressure & Atmospheric Pressure

A

760 mmhg

80
Q

Intrapleural Pressure

A

756 mm Hg

81
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

A

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs per minutes (V)

82
Q

Tidal Volume (Vt)

A

Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath

83
Q

breathing frequency (f)

A

number of breaths taken per minute

84
Q

Alveolar Ventilation (Va)

A

Volume of air that reaches the respiratory zone

85
Q

Dead Space Ventilation (VD)

A

Volume of air remaining in conducting airways

86
Q

V = Va+Vd or V= Vt x f

A

Ventilation Equation

87
Q

spirometry

A

a measurement of breathing

88
Q

Vital Capacity (VC):

A

Maximal volume of air that can be expired after maximal expiration

89
Q

Forced Expiratory volume (FEV1)

A

Volume of air expired in 1 seconds during maximal expiration

90
Q

FEV1/VC ratio

A

≥ to 80% is normal

91
Q

Airflow depends on

A

Pressure difference between two ends of the airway
Resistance of airways

92
Q

The relationship between hemoglobin-O2 saturation and the partial pressure of O2 in the blood

A

hift of the graph to the right means lower saturation for given PaO2 . Shift of the graph to the left means higher saturation for given PaO2

93
Q

What is the functional significance of the shape of the O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

The curve describes the non-linear tendency for oxygen to bind to hemoglobin

94
Q

What factors affect the shape of the curve?

A

Ph and temp

95
Q

Discuss the modes of transportation for CO2 in the blood

A
  • 70% through bicarbonate
  • 20 % bound of Hb
  • 10% dissolved in plasma
96
Q

Chronic Bronchitis

A
  • Excessive mucus blocks airway
97
Q

Emphysema

A

Airway collapse and increases resistance

98
Q

Calculation of partial pressure

A

P air= PO2+PCO2+PN2

99
Q

% of O2 in air

A

20.93%

100
Q

% of CO2 in air

A

0.03

101
Q

% of N2 in air

A

79.04 %

102
Q

Oxygen is transported

A

via hemoglobin or dissolved in the blood

103
Q

Each HB can transport

A

1.34ml O2

104
Q

The ventilatory response in the transition from rest to constant-load submaximal exercise

A

ventilation increases rapidly, then a slower rise toward steady state. PO2 and PCO2 are relatively unchanged. PO2 has slight decrease and PCO2 has slight increase

105
Q

What happens to ventilation if the exercise is prolonged and performed in a hot/humid environment?

A

drift upward because increased blood temp. affects respiratory control center. Higher ventilation not due to increased PCO2

106
Q

Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve
Direction of reaction depends on

A

the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood
Affinity (attraction to each other) between Hb and O2

107
Q

Decreased pH=

A

= more acidic= right shift

108
Q

Increased pH=

A

= more basic= left shift

109
Q

Increase in body temp=

A

shift to the right

110
Q

Drop in body temp

A

shift to left

111
Q

2,3 DPG (diphosphoglycerate)
When levels are increased =

A

right shift of the curve

112
Q

2,3 DPG (diphosphoglycerate)
When levels are decreased =

A

left shift of the curve

113
Q

Myoglobin

A

stores oxygen in muscle cells

114
Q

Myoglobin action

A

Shuttles O2 from the cell membrane to the mitochondria

115
Q

Mb has a ________ affinity for O2 than hemoglobin

A

higher

116
Q

Function of Central chemoreceptors in the medulla

A

regulates H+ and PCO2 concentration in cerebrospinalfluid

117
Q

Function of Peripheral chemoreceptors in aortic and carotid bodies

A

regulates PO2, PCO2, K+, and H+ in blood

118
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

hemoglobin bound to oxygen

118
Q

The control of ventilation during exercise

A
  • Primary drive by higher brain centers
  • “Fine tuned” by humoral chemoreceptors and neural feedback from muscles
119
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin

A

hemoglobin without oxygen

120
Q

Central Command Theory

A

initial signal to “drive” cardiovascular system comes from higher brain centers

121
Q

Ventilary Control during exercise

A

Increase in ventilation, anticipatory response due to input from central command

122
Q

Untrained Individuals Ve

A

Linear increase up to 50-70% VO2 max, exponential increase beyond this point

123
Q

Trained Individuals Ve

A

Occurs at higher % VO2 max, because of delayed anerobic threshold

124
Q

ventilatory threshold

A

the point where ventilation increases at a non-linear rate

125
Q

hypoexmia

A

very low level of oxygen in the arterial blood

KNS 480 (3 decks)

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