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textbook readings Flashcards

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1
Q

Carper (1978)

A

Described 4 fundamental patterns of knowledge
(1) empirical knowledge
(2) aesthetics
(3) personal knowing
(4) ethics

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2
Q

Research

A

systematic and rigorous investigation with the aim of answering nursing phenomena

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3
Q

Phenomena

A

Occurrences, circumstances, or facts that are perceptible by the senses

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4
Q

evidence based practice

A

incorporation of evidence from research, clinical expertise, and clinical preferences to make decisions about a client

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5
Q

evidence informed practice

A

involves considering myriad factors that constitute local ways of knowing, indigenous knowledge, culture, religious norms, and clinical judgement

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6
Q

ways of knowing

A

how we acquire knowledge about the world around us

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7
Q

research

A

links theory, education and practice

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8
Q

consumer

A

actively uses and applies research

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9
Q

CNO research competencies

A

(1) proactively searches for new information
(2) contributes to a culture that supports involvement of research through collaboration
(3) use of critical inquiry to support professional judgement and evidence-informed decision-making to develop health care plans

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10
Q

canadian institute for health research

A

one of the largest funders of health research

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11
Q

knowledge development process

A

(1) identify knowledge gaps
(2) knowledge generation
(3) knowledge distribution
(4) knowledge adoption
(5) knowledge review and revision

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12
Q

theoretical/empirical knowledge

A

scientific knowledge through the development and testing of theories and the observation of reality
- most commonly used in evidenced informed practice

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13
Q

personal knowledge

A

knowledge that comes from inner experiences and maturation

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14
Q

experiential knowledge

A

knowledge that comes from repeated exposure to situations that leads to refined ideas and thoughts

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15
Q

ethical knowledge

A

moral component of knowledge

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16
Q

aesthetic knowledge

A

expressive, intuitive, and creative aspect of nursing

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17
Q

sociopolitical knowledge

A

understanding of culture, society, and politics

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18
Q

types of observations for theoretical/empirical knowledge

A
  • speaking with people regarding life experiences
  • observing social and cultural interactions
  • delivering an intervention and assessing its effects
  • surveys and questionnaires
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19
Q

philosophical beliefs

A

motivating values, concepts, principles, and nature of human knowledge and is the basis of worldview or paradigm

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20
Q

paradigm

A

represent a set of beliefs and practices shared by communities of researches that guide the knowledge development process
- positivism/post-positivism
- constructivism
- critical theory

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21
Q

ontology

A

science or study of being or existence and its relationship to nonexistence. creates 2 primary questions
(1) what can said to exist
(2) into what categories can we sort existing things

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22
Q

epistemology

A

theory of known truth. addresses 3 questions
(1) what is knowledge
(2) how do we know what we know
(3) what is the limitation of knowledge

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23
Q

methodology

A

principles, rules and procedures that guide the process in which knowledge is acquired (ie. interviews, focus groups, surveys)

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24
Q

aim of inquiry

A

goals or specific objectives of the search

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25
Q

context

A

personal, social, and political environment in which phenomenon of interest occurs

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26
Q

values

A

personal beliefs of the researcher

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27
Q

positivism

A

suggests that a material world exists and that things can be sensed (touched, heard, etc)

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28
Q

post-positivism

A

emphasizes that our observations cannot always be relied upon since that are subject to error and human bias

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29
Q

constructivism

A

suggests reality and the way we understand the world is largely dependent on our perception

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30
Q

critical social theorists

A

suggests that reality and our understanding of reality is constructed by the people with the most power at a particular point in history

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31
Q

critical social thought

A

emphasizes that health and other aspects of reality are shaped by numerous social, political, economic, and cultural factors

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32
Q

qualitative research

A

systematic, interactive, and subjective research method used to describe and give meaning to life experiences

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33
Q

theoretical framework (quantitative)

A

provide a discipline specific cause and effect explanation for a phenomenon (ex. social determinants of health)

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34
Q

methodological framework (qualitative)

A

identifies principles, rules and procedures that guide the process through which knowledge is aquired

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35
Q

theory

A

set of interrelated concepts that provides systematic view of a phenomenon

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36
Q

inductive reasoning

A

process of starting with details and moving to a more general picture

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37
Q

deductive reasoning

A

starting with the general picture and moving to a specific direction for practice and research

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38
Q

model

A

symbolic representation of a set of concepts that is created to depict relationships

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39
Q

ladder of abstraction

A

way to gain perspective when reading and thinking about frameworks
worldview > framework > theories > concepts > variables

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40
Q

variables

A

elements that can be observed through the senses

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41
Q

conceptual definition

A

coveys general meaning of a concept as it is rooted in theoretical literature

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42
Q

operational defenition

A

specifies how the concept will be measured

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43
Q

concept

A

image or symbolic representation of an abstract idea

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44
Q

nuremburg code (1948)

A

consisted of 10 points that discussed
- informed consent
- research must be good for society
- benefits must outweigh the risks
- participant safety and wellbeing is more important then research

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45
Q

declaration of helsinki (1964)

A
  • research on humans should be based of results of from animal experimentation
  • research protocols needs to be reviewed by independent committee
  • informed consent in necessary
  • research is conducted by medically/scientifically qualified individuals
  • risks do not exceed benefits
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46
Q

belmont report (1976)

A
  • derived from declaration of helsinki
  • investigators must respect autonomy
  • beneficence should underlie the conduct of all human research
  • injustice to humans is an ethical transgression
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47
Q

ethical principles relevant to the conduct of research involving human participants

A

(1) respect for persons
(2) beneficence
(3) justice

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48
Q

first introduction of ethics board

A

In 1978. MRC Canada and SSHRC issued guidelines based on the belmont report

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49
Q

tri-council guidelines

A

Released in 1995 by MRC, SSHRC, NSERC
- respect for persons
- concern for welfare
- justice

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50
Q

ethics

A

theory dealing with principles of moral values and conduct

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51
Q

ethical dilemmas in the 21st century

A

(1) biotechnology
(2) use of animals for research
(3) creation of organizational culture that values research ethics and those who engage in research

52
Q

CNA human rights

A

(1) right to self-determination
(2) right to privacy and dignity
(3) right to autonomy and confidentiality
(4) right to fair treatment
(5) right to protection from discomfort and harm

53
Q

informed consent

A

legal principle that requires a researcher to inform individuals about potential benefits and risks of a study before the participant can participate voluntarily

54
Q

process consent

A

voluntary continued participation in the study

55
Q

research ethics board (REB)

A

panels that review research projects to assess whether ethical standards are met

56
Q

REB members

A

5 total, both men and women.
- 2 of which are experts in relevant research disciplines
- 1 knowledgeable in ethics
- 1 knowledgeable in relevant law
- 1 community member with no affiliation to the institution

57
Q

REB responsibility

A

protect participants from undue risk and loss of personal rights and dignity

58
Q

assent

A

aspect of informed consent that pertains to protecting the rights of children as research subjects

59
Q

fraud

A

data may have been falsified or fabricated, or participants may have been coerced into participating

60
Q

naturalistic setting

A

one that people live in every day

61
Q

beliefs of qualitative researchers

A
  • multiple realities
  • reality is socially constructed and context dependent
  • discovery of meaning is the basis of knowledge
62
Q

qualitative research process

A

(1) literature review
(2) study design
(3) sample
(4) setting: recruitment and data collection
(5) data collection
(6) data analysis
(7) findings
(8) conclusions

63
Q

literature review

A

review relevant literature related to the study

64
Q

study design

A

how researcher will go about answering the research question congruent with their philosophical beliefs

65
Q

sample

A

researchers look for a purposive sample related to their study
- includes inclusion and exclusion criteria

66
Q

setting

A

describes setting in which participants are recruited and setting where data is collected

67
Q

data collection

A
  • way data is collected (focus groups, interviews, observations)
  • steps taken to obtain informed consent
  • if researcher thought sample was sufficient
  • describe kinds of questions researcher asked
68
Q

data analysis

A

researcher describes how raw data was handled

69
Q

findings

A

researchers describe their study and then present results

70
Q

conclusions

A

summary of results and compare findings with existing literature

71
Q

data saturation

A

point in study when information being gathered presents no new ideas or themes emerge and participants become repetitive

72
Q

emergent nature of design

A

emphasizes the necessity for ongoing negotiation of consent

73
Q

researcher-participant interaction

A

introduces the possibility that the research experience may become therapeutic

74
Q

researcher as instrument

A

research mandates that the researcher become immersed in the field and recognize any personal bias

75
Q

bracketing

A

compartmentalizing your own thoughts, feelings, and perceptions in order to be open to the phenomenon under study

76
Q

triangulation

A

using two pieces of information to locate a third and unique finding

77
Q

data triangulation

A

use of a variety of data sources in a study

78
Q

investigator triangulation

A

collaboration of several different researchers or evaluators from divergent backgrounds

79
Q

theory triangulation

A

use of multiple perspectives to interpret a single set of data

80
Q

methodological triangulation

A

use of multiple methods to study a single problem

81
Q

interdisciplinary triangulation

A

use of different disciplines to increase understanding of the phenomenon

82
Q

mixed methods

A

involves combining or integrating qualitative and quantitative research and data in a study

83
Q

qualitative metasynthesis

A

type of systematic review applied to qualitative research

84
Q

phenomenology

A

science whose purpose is to describe particular phenomena or the appearance of things, as lived experience

85
Q

hermeneutics

A

theoretical framework used to understand or interpret human phenomena

86
Q

narrative inquiry

A

stories of people are collected and examined as primary data

87
Q

orientational qualitative inquiry

A

ideology used to direct investigation including research question, methodology, fieldwork, and analysis of the findings

88
Q

grounded theory method

A

systematic set of procedures is used to explore the social processes that guide human interaction

89
Q

propositions

A

link concepts to create a foundation that guides further data collection

90
Q

ethnographic method

A

method of scientifically describing cultural groups

91
Q

case study method

A

involves an in depth description of the essential dimensions and processes of the study

92
Q

historical research method

A

systematic approach for understanding the past through collection, organization, and critical appraisal of facts

93
Q

participatory action research (PAR)

A

method in which the goal is to change society

94
Q

data collection: physiological/biological measurements

A

includes things such as temperature, HR, BP, etc

95
Q

data collection: observational methods

A

fulfills the following conditions…
(1) observations undertaken are consistent with the study’s specific objectives
(2) standardized and systematic plan exists for the observation and recording of data
(3) all observations are checked and controlled
(4) observations are related to scientific concepts and theories

96
Q

data collection: interviews and questionnaires

A

ask participants to report data related to the study themselves

97
Q

data collection: records or available data

A

information collected from existing material

98
Q

focus groups

A

interview of 5-8 people on the topic of interest

99
Q

photovoice

A

interviews stimulated and guided by photographs

100
Q

rigour

A

strictness with which a study is conducted to enhance the quality, believability, or trustworthiness of the study findings

101
Q

reliability

A

extent to which an instrument yields the same results on repeated measures

102
Q

main attributes of a reliable scale

A

(1) stability
(2) homogeneity
(3) equivalence

103
Q

equivalence

A

the consistency or agreement among observers who use the same measurement tool or an agreement between alternative forms of a tool

104
Q

validity

A

whether an measurement instrument accurately measures what is intended to measure

105
Q

credibility

A

refers to the accuracy, validity and soundness of data

106
Q

auditability

A

allows another researcher to follow the thinking of the investigator

107
Q

fittingness

A

degree to which study findings are applicable outside the study situation

108
Q

authenticity

A

fairness in the presentation in that all value conflicts, differences, and views of participants are noted in analysis

109
Q

indigenous groups

A

(1) first nations
(2) métis
(3) inuit

110
Q

indian

A

legal term that describes all indigenous peoples in Canada who are not Inuit

111
Q

legal definitions used to describe indians in canada

A

(1) status
(2) non-status
(3) treaty indians

112
Q

the inuit

A
  • inhabited northern canada for 5000 years
  • traditional hunters and gatherers
  • oral storytelling
  • areas include northern labrador, northern quebec, nunavut, northwest territories
113
Q

the métis

A
  • born from the union of indigenous women and european men during the fur trade era
  • homelands include the three prairie provinces and extending into ontario, british colombia, northwest territories and the united states
114
Q

indigenous languages

A
  • 70+ languages in 12 different language families still spoken in canada
  • algonquian being the largest and most widespread
115
Q

Indian act (1876)

A

main purpose was to assimilate first nations people into canadian society

116
Q

colonialism

A

theoretical framework for understanding the complexities of the relationship that evolved between indigenous peoples and europenas

117
Q

settler colonialism

A

occurs when the colonizers become the dominant society

118
Q

intergenerational trauma

A

pathways by which the nature of trauma in understood and experienced

119
Q

indigenous paradigms

A

knowledge cannot be owned but is shared among all entities

120
Q

indigenous worldview

A

sees humans as one small aspect of a universe that includes animals, plants, minerals, space, water, and other entities all sharing the space

121
Q

practices in indigenous methodology

A

(1) self location
(2) cultural grounding
(3) purpose

122
Q

two-eyed seeing

A

methodology that refers to learning to see from one eye with strengths from indigenous ways of knowing and the other eye with the strengths from western ways os knowing and that using both eyes together can benefit all

123
Q

first nations information governance center

A

incorporated in 2010 and works towards the vision of every first nation achieving data sovereignty with its distinct worldview

124
Q

respect for persons

A

includes recognizing the importance of community and interrelationships in aboriginal communities and preserving distinctive knowledge, cultures and identities

125
Q

bourque-bearskin et al. (2016)

A

explored how indigenous knowledge manifests in the practice of indigenous nurses through incorporating indigenous ways of knowing, being, and doing into nursing practice

126
Q

gifford et al. (2019)

A

provide a detailed protocol for a knowledge translation study

127
Q

camargo plazas et al. (2018)

A

used research findings from a community based action research project that developed an indigenous led intervention to improve access to healthcare

nursing research I (2 decks)

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