textbook readings Flashcards
Carper (1978)
Described 4 fundamental patterns of knowledge
(1) empirical knowledge
(2) aesthetics
(3) personal knowing
(4) ethics
Research
systematic and rigorous investigation with the aim of answering nursing phenomena
Phenomena
Occurrences, circumstances, or facts that are perceptible by the senses
evidence based practice
incorporation of evidence from research, clinical expertise, and clinical preferences to make decisions about a client
evidence informed practice
involves considering myriad factors that constitute local ways of knowing, indigenous knowledge, culture, religious norms, and clinical judgement
ways of knowing
how we acquire knowledge about the world around us
research
links theory, education and practice
consumer
actively uses and applies research
CNO research competencies
(1) proactively searches for new information
(2) contributes to a culture that supports involvement of research through collaboration
(3) use of critical inquiry to support professional judgement and evidence-informed decision-making to develop health care plans
canadian institute for health research
one of the largest funders of health research
knowledge development process
(1) identify knowledge gaps
(2) knowledge generation
(3) knowledge distribution
(4) knowledge adoption
(5) knowledge review and revision
theoretical/empirical knowledge
scientific knowledge through the development and testing of theories and the observation of reality
- most commonly used in evidenced informed practice
personal knowledge
knowledge that comes from inner experiences and maturation
experiential knowledge
knowledge that comes from repeated exposure to situations that leads to refined ideas and thoughts
ethical knowledge
moral component of knowledge
aesthetic knowledge
expressive, intuitive, and creative aspect of nursing
sociopolitical knowledge
understanding of culture, society, and politics
types of observations for theoretical/empirical knowledge
- speaking with people regarding life experiences
- observing social and cultural interactions
- delivering an intervention and assessing its effects
- surveys and questionnaires
philosophical beliefs
motivating values, concepts, principles, and nature of human knowledge and is the basis of worldview or paradigm
paradigm
represent a set of beliefs and practices shared by communities of researches that guide the knowledge development process
- positivism/post-positivism
- constructivism
- critical theory
ontology
science or study of being or existence and its relationship to nonexistence. creates 2 primary questions
(1) what can said to exist
(2) into what categories can we sort existing things
epistemology
theory of known truth. addresses 3 questions
(1) what is knowledge
(2) how do we know what we know
(3) what is the limitation of knowledge
methodology
principles, rules and procedures that guide the process in which knowledge is acquired (ie. interviews, focus groups, surveys)
aim of inquiry
goals or specific objectives of the search
context
personal, social, and political environment in which phenomenon of interest occurs
values
personal beliefs of the researcher
positivism
suggests that a material world exists and that things can be sensed (touched, heard, etc)
post-positivism
emphasizes that our observations cannot always be relied upon since that are subject to error and human bias
constructivism
suggests reality and the way we understand the world is largely dependent on our perception
critical social theorists
suggests that reality and our understanding of reality is constructed by the people with the most power at a particular point in history
critical social thought
emphasizes that health and other aspects of reality are shaped by numerous social, political, economic, and cultural factors
qualitative research
systematic, interactive, and subjective research method used to describe and give meaning to life experiences
theoretical framework (quantitative)
provide a discipline specific cause and effect explanation for a phenomenon (ex. social determinants of health)
methodological framework (qualitative)
identifies principles, rules and procedures that guide the process through which knowledge is aquired
theory
set of interrelated concepts that provides systematic view of a phenomenon
inductive reasoning
process of starting with details and moving to a more general picture
deductive reasoning
starting with the general picture and moving to a specific direction for practice and research
model
symbolic representation of a set of concepts that is created to depict relationships
ladder of abstraction
way to gain perspective when reading and thinking about frameworks
worldview > framework > theories > concepts > variables
variables
elements that can be observed through the senses
conceptual definition
coveys general meaning of a concept as it is rooted in theoretical literature
operational defenition
specifies how the concept will be measured
concept
image or symbolic representation of an abstract idea
nuremburg code (1948)
consisted of 10 points that discussed
- informed consent
- research must be good for society
- benefits must outweigh the risks
- participant safety and wellbeing is more important then research
declaration of helsinki (1964)
- research on humans should be based of results of from animal experimentation
- research protocols needs to be reviewed by independent committee
- informed consent in necessary
- research is conducted by medically/scientifically qualified individuals
- risks do not exceed benefits
belmont report (1976)
- derived from declaration of helsinki
- investigators must respect autonomy
- beneficence should underlie the conduct of all human research
- injustice to humans is an ethical transgression
ethical principles relevant to the conduct of research involving human participants
(1) respect for persons
(2) beneficence
(3) justice
first introduction of ethics board
In 1978. MRC Canada and SSHRC issued guidelines based on the belmont report
tri-council guidelines
Released in 1995 by MRC, SSHRC, NSERC
- respect for persons
- concern for welfare
- justice
ethics
theory dealing with principles of moral values and conduct
ethical dilemmas in the 21st century
(1) biotechnology
(2) use of animals for research
(3) creation of organizational culture that values research ethics and those who engage in research
CNA human rights
(1) right to self-determination
(2) right to privacy and dignity
(3) right to autonomy and confidentiality
(4) right to fair treatment
(5) right to protection from discomfort and harm
informed consent
legal principle that requires a researcher to inform individuals about potential benefits and risks of a study before the participant can participate voluntarily
process consent
voluntary continued participation in the study
research ethics board (REB)
panels that review research projects to assess whether ethical standards are met
REB members
5 total, both men and women.
- 2 of which are experts in relevant research disciplines
- 1 knowledgeable in ethics
- 1 knowledgeable in relevant law
- 1 community member with no affiliation to the institution
REB responsibility
protect participants from undue risk and loss of personal rights and dignity
assent
aspect of informed consent that pertains to protecting the rights of children as research subjects
fraud
data may have been falsified or fabricated, or participants may have been coerced into participating
naturalistic setting
one that people live in every day
beliefs of qualitative researchers
- multiple realities
- reality is socially constructed and context dependent
- discovery of meaning is the basis of knowledge
qualitative research process
(1) literature review
(2) study design
(3) sample
(4) setting: recruitment and data collection
(5) data collection
(6) data analysis
(7) findings
(8) conclusions
literature review
review relevant literature related to the study
study design
how researcher will go about answering the research question congruent with their philosophical beliefs
sample
researchers look for a purposive sample related to their study
- includes inclusion and exclusion criteria
setting
describes setting in which participants are recruited and setting where data is collected
data collection
- way data is collected (focus groups, interviews, observations)
- steps taken to obtain informed consent
- if researcher thought sample was sufficient
- describe kinds of questions researcher asked
data analysis
researcher describes how raw data was handled
findings
researchers describe their study and then present results
conclusions
summary of results and compare findings with existing literature
data saturation
point in study when information being gathered presents no new ideas or themes emerge and participants become repetitive
emergent nature of design
emphasizes the necessity for ongoing negotiation of consent
researcher-participant interaction
introduces the possibility that the research experience may become therapeutic
researcher as instrument
research mandates that the researcher become immersed in the field and recognize any personal bias
bracketing
compartmentalizing your own thoughts, feelings, and perceptions in order to be open to the phenomenon under study
triangulation
using two pieces of information to locate a third and unique finding
data triangulation
use of a variety of data sources in a study
investigator triangulation
collaboration of several different researchers or evaluators from divergent backgrounds
theory triangulation
use of multiple perspectives to interpret a single set of data
methodological triangulation
use of multiple methods to study a single problem
interdisciplinary triangulation
use of different disciplines to increase understanding of the phenomenon
mixed methods
involves combining or integrating qualitative and quantitative research and data in a study
qualitative metasynthesis
type of systematic review applied to qualitative research
phenomenology
science whose purpose is to describe particular phenomena or the appearance of things, as lived experience
hermeneutics
theoretical framework used to understand or interpret human phenomena
narrative inquiry
stories of people are collected and examined as primary data
orientational qualitative inquiry
ideology used to direct investigation including research question, methodology, fieldwork, and analysis of the findings
grounded theory method
systematic set of procedures is used to explore the social processes that guide human interaction
propositions
link concepts to create a foundation that guides further data collection
ethnographic method
method of scientifically describing cultural groups
case study method
involves an in depth description of the essential dimensions and processes of the study
historical research method
systematic approach for understanding the past through collection, organization, and critical appraisal of facts
participatory action research (PAR)
method in which the goal is to change society
data collection: physiological/biological measurements
includes things such as temperature, HR, BP, etc
data collection: observational methods
fulfills the following conditions…
(1) observations undertaken are consistent with the study’s specific objectives
(2) standardized and systematic plan exists for the observation and recording of data
(3) all observations are checked and controlled
(4) observations are related to scientific concepts and theories
data collection: interviews and questionnaires
ask participants to report data related to the study themselves
data collection: records or available data
information collected from existing material
focus groups
interview of 5-8 people on the topic of interest
photovoice
interviews stimulated and guided by photographs
rigour
strictness with which a study is conducted to enhance the quality, believability, or trustworthiness of the study findings
reliability
extent to which an instrument yields the same results on repeated measures
main attributes of a reliable scale
(1) stability
(2) homogeneity
(3) equivalence
equivalence
the consistency or agreement among observers who use the same measurement tool or an agreement between alternative forms of a tool
validity
whether an measurement instrument accurately measures what is intended to measure
credibility
refers to the accuracy, validity and soundness of data
auditability
allows another researcher to follow the thinking of the investigator
fittingness
degree to which study findings are applicable outside the study situation
authenticity
fairness in the presentation in that all value conflicts, differences, and views of participants are noted in analysis
indigenous groups
(1) first nations
(2) métis
(3) inuit
indian
legal term that describes all indigenous peoples in Canada who are not Inuit
legal definitions used to describe indians in canada
(1) status
(2) non-status
(3) treaty indians
the inuit
- inhabited northern canada for 5000 years
- traditional hunters and gatherers
- oral storytelling
- areas include northern labrador, northern quebec, nunavut, northwest territories
the métis
- born from the union of indigenous women and european men during the fur trade era
- homelands include the three prairie provinces and extending into ontario, british colombia, northwest territories and the united states
indigenous languages
- 70+ languages in 12 different language families still spoken in canada
- algonquian being the largest and most widespread
Indian act (1876)
main purpose was to assimilate first nations people into canadian society
colonialism
theoretical framework for understanding the complexities of the relationship that evolved between indigenous peoples and europenas
settler colonialism
occurs when the colonizers become the dominant society
intergenerational trauma
pathways by which the nature of trauma in understood and experienced
indigenous paradigms
knowledge cannot be owned but is shared among all entities
indigenous worldview
sees humans as one small aspect of a universe that includes animals, plants, minerals, space, water, and other entities all sharing the space
practices in indigenous methodology
(1) self location
(2) cultural grounding
(3) purpose
two-eyed seeing
methodology that refers to learning to see from one eye with strengths from indigenous ways of knowing and the other eye with the strengths from western ways os knowing and that using both eyes together can benefit all
first nations information governance center
incorporated in 2010 and works towards the vision of every first nation achieving data sovereignty with its distinct worldview
respect for persons
includes recognizing the importance of community and interrelationships in aboriginal communities and preserving distinctive knowledge, cultures and identities
bourque-bearskin et al. (2016)
explored how indigenous knowledge manifests in the practice of indigenous nurses through incorporating indigenous ways of knowing, being, and doing into nursing practice
gifford et al. (2019)
provide a detailed protocol for a knowledge translation study
camargo plazas et al. (2018)
used research findings from a community based action research project that developed an indigenous led intervention to improve access to healthcare
