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Sensation and Perception > Textbook Notes > Flashcards

Textbook Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Ommatidia

A

The eye in the limulus is made up of individual receptors (hundred of tiny structure)
- each ommatidia has small lense over a single receptor

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2
Q

Lateral plexus

A
  • similar to retina in humans
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3
Q

White’s illusion

A
  • rectangles surronding by black and white bars - you expect that the area surronded by white would be darker bcause of laterla inhibition but instead it seems lighter
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4
Q

What causes white’s illusion?

A

Belongingness: area’s appearance is influenced by the parts of the surronding in which the area appears to belong to e.g. so if a white background is surronded by black bars than it will appear darker

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5
Q

Center-surrond antagonism

A
  • small amount of light in excitatory center causes small increase in rate of nerve firing and as the light increases and it covers the entire receptive field it increase the cell’s response
  • but once it covers the inhibitory area it counteracts the center’s excitatory response
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6
Q

Simple cortical cells

A
  • arranged side by side and respond to vertical bars
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7
Q

Orientation turning curve

A
  • relationship between orientation and firing (cells respond to oriention but decrease once orientation beings turning)
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8
Q

Optic nerve fiber (ganglion cell)

A
  • center surrond receptive field

- respond to best small points, but also respond to other stimuli

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9
Q

Lateral geniculate

A
  • center surrond receptive field very similar to the receptive field of a ganglion cell
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10
Q

Selective adaptation

A
  • idea that firing causes neurons to become tired (neurons that were not firing do not need to adapt because they don’t get tired out)
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11
Q

Selective adapation causes 2 effects:

A

1) neurons fire rate decrease

2) neuron fires less when that stimulus is immediately presented again

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12
Q

How to measure the effect of seelctive adaptation to orientation

A

1) measure contrast threshold
2) adapat person to one orientation using a high-contrast stimulis
3) remeasure the contrast threshold and you will see a gap in the selective adaptation curve

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13
Q

selective rearing

A
  • if animal is reared in an environment that continas only certain type of stimuli then that neuron becomes more prevalent (neural plasticity and experience-dependent plasticity)
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14
Q

Inferotmporal cotex (IT)

A
  • affect recognizing objects e.g. prosopganosia and fusiform face area
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15
Q

Grandmother cell

A
  • highl specific cell that only respnse to specific stimulis e.g. concept = unlikely because the world it too complex
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16
Q

Distirbuted vs. sparse coding

A
  • distributed = pattern of firing frmo large number of neurons that can create many different patterns
  • sparse= small group of neurons - can overlap and respond to more than one sttimulus
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17
Q

Neural correlates of consciousnes (NCC)

A
  • reseach were conscious is defined as experience but is called the easy problem of conscious because it is possible to disover many connctios betwen neural firing and experience
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18
Q

Hard problem of conscious

A
  • how do we experence things e.g. what are the physiological process that let us be conscious
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19
Q

Tiling

A
  • using location colums to form a visual scene
20
Q

Ablation

A
  • destruction of tissues in the nervous system
21
Q

Module

A

structure that is specialized to process incoamtion about a particular type of stimuli

22
Q

Fusiform face area (FFA)

A
  • located in fusiform gyrus below the inferotemporal cortex (IT) that recognizes faces
  • if damange to temporal lobe = prosopagnosia
23
Q

Parahippcampual place area (PPA)

A
  • in IT - pictures of indoor and outdoor scences
24
Q

Extrastraite body area (EBA)

A
  • in IT - active pictures of bodys and body parts
25
Q

Expertise hypothesis

A
  • fact that experience with enivironment can shape the nervous sytem so we can train to percieve things better e.g. FFA areas of brain respond well to Greebles as to faces
26
Q

Saturation

A
  • adding white to color
27
Q

Selective reflection

A
  • when some WL are reflected more than others
28
Q

Achromatic coors

A
  • white, gray, black light is reflected equally across the spectrum
29
Q

Reflectance curve

A
  • % of light reflected vs. WL
30
Q

Selective transmission

A
  • for tansparent objects, chromatic color is created when WL pass through an object e.g. red passess through crab juice to make it seem red
31
Q

Transmission curve

A
  • plots % of light transmitted vs. WL to indicate relationship netween WL reflected or trasmitted and color percieved
32
Q

Additive color mixture

A
  • all of the light that is reflected from each light is also relfected when lights are toghet so you add the WL of each light
  • e.g. together some WL span the entire spectrum so it looks white
33
Q

Subtractive color mixing

A
  • Both paints still absorb the same WL they absorb when along so they only reflect those that are reflected by BOTH paints
34
Q

Principle of univariance

A
  • once a photon of light is absorbed by a visual pigment the identity of light WL is lost
  • so eye doesn’t know the Wl absorbed only the total amount so if you have 1 WL receptor then they just ajdjust the intesnity of light to match spectrums of gray (have nothing to compaire it to) - with 2/3 receptors the ratio between WL remain the same to determine color
35
Q

Unilateral dichromat

A
  • problems with the receptors in the retina that are present at birth
36
Q

Constancy

A
  • colors of objects as being relatively constant even under changing illumination
37
Q

Chromatic adapation

A
  • prolong exposure to one color will belache the photo pigments and make it seem more dull
38
Q

What does chromatic adapation creat?

A
  • partial color constancy: perception of object is shifted after adaptation but not as much when there was no adapation (to keep WL approximate)
39
Q

Lightness constancy of color (remains same when illumination changes) IS caused by 2 things:

A

1) illumination: total amount of light that is striking objects
2) reflectance: proportion of light that object reflects into our eyes e.g. black objects reflect 5% of light

40
Q

Ratio principle (intensity)

A
  • ratio of illumination remains the same for objects in different lighting (reflectance ratio) so the percieved lightness will reamine the same
41
Q

Reflectance edge

A
  • reflectance of 2 surfaces changing that reflect diff. amount of light e.g. you know shadow is not reflectance edge
42
Q

Illumiation edge

A
  • where lighting changes to make it seem like different percption
43
Q

3 major groups of depth cues

A

1) occulomotor: eye muslces
2) monocular: cues that work with one eye
3) binocular: cues that depend on 2 eyes

44
Q

2 typess of occulomotor cues

A

1) convergence (inward movement of eye)

2) accomodation (change in shape of lens)

45
Q

Steroscopic depth perception

A
  • takes into account 2 images from the 2 eyes to cteate depth
46
Q

Strabismus

A
  • when eyes look outwards from misalignement, the eye suprresses image from 1 eye so you don’t have double vision

Sensation and Perception (3 decks)

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