Final Notes Flashcards
1
Q
What 2 things can visual angel tell you about?
A
1) size of object
2) depth
2
Q
(3) motion based cues
A
1) relative motion/motion parallax
2) accretion/deletion
3) motion in depth
3
Q
Motion parallax
A
- stuff closer to you that fization point looks like it’s moving backwards
thing behing the fixation point are oging in same direction as you
4
Q
accretion/deletion
A
accretion - gorwing/uncovering
deletion - being covered up
5
Q
motion in depth
A
as something comes closer to you it gets better = looming vs. something that gets smaller as it becomes further away
- innate in babies
6
Q
Binocular depth cues (sterodepth)
A
- L and R eyes see things diff. for bincoular disapirty
- this depth perception is really important
7
Q
Steroscope
A
- 2 flat images become a 3d images so they look like diff. messages
8
Q
depth information derived from stereposis vis 2 stages
A
1) solving the stero correspondance problem
2) calculating the retinal disparity
9
Q
step one of depth: solving the sterocorrespondance problem
A
- matching the R and L eye in retina
- tricky because you are trying to match everything (can match random stimuli)
10
Q
auto-stereogram
A
- illusions caused when we solve stero-correspondance problem incorrectly (3d image will appear )
- you match the R and L image wrong and then there is incorrect calucation of depth
11
Q
stage 2 of cacluating depth: calculating the retinal disparity
A
- once you find the matching retinal images from R and L eye you need to see how different these images are in the L and R eye = retinal/binocular disparity
12
Q
Retinal/binocular disparity
A
how different is the object position on the left and right eye
13
Q
horopter
A
fixation plane - where it is you are looking
14
Q
3 possibe outcomes of the retinal dispairty
A
1) zero disparty
2) crossed disparity
3) uncrossed disparity
15
Q
zero disparity
A
- thereis no different in the point in the 2 eyes (light is on the same place in retin)
16
Q
crossede dispairty
A
- object is closer to person and in front of the horpoter and light will fall on opposite parts of the eyball and reference point
17
Q
uncrossed dispairty
A
- object is behind the horpoter and the light image is not on the same point in both eyes but it is on the same point of the reference point
18
Q
Pannum’s fusion area
A
- area that is the limited range for binocular cues of you will see double images if it is too close or too far from heropter
- you an fuse the image from L and R eye to see 3D (when you thumb close to you eye you will see doubles)
19
Q
Tilt after effect observation
A
the tilt effect still works even if you adapt one eye and close the other - tilt after effect crosses over to the unadapted eye
- happens because of bincoular cells in the straite cortex (take infro from both eyes = doesn’t matter what eye you use becuase it is the same cell) - cells in straite that are specailized for bincoluar depth
20
Q
disaprtiy sensitive cells in the visual cortex
A
- cells can respond to certain disparities (movement in either direction e.g. 0 disparity, looking for specific difference from L and R eyes position)
21
Q
Strabismus
A
- related to the msucles that control ocular movement; kids are born with imblance in eye
- can’t do steroimage matching so brain can’t deal with 2 diif. images so suppress one
- if not solved by 6 years old will not develop depth percpetion
22
Q
Critical period
A
if no experiences = no development of bincoular cells (only have monocular cells)
23
Q
Amblyopia
A
lazy eye - ignoring inform from one eye causes other to not track information anymore (sometimes caused because 1 eye is far/near signed so brain is having trouble bringing 2 eyes to coordination (no depth perception)
- no depth perception if not fixed by 6 years
24
Q
Bincoluar rivlary
A
2 diff. images
25
Chesire cat illusion
- left eye is looking at mirror and R eye look at friend - suddenly you see your friend; brain supresses image of white wall (2 images = brain picks interesting one)
- if it see motion then it is a high priorty stimulus so fingers get molded into your friends face
26
size constancy problem
- diff. actual sizes give rise to same size on retinal image so actual size can produce differnt retinal sizes (diff. visual angels)
- need to account all visual cues (e.g. depth perception) to achieve size constancy
- you can see things as the same size even the the retinal angle changes
27
Ponzo illusion
- 2 block on road are same but one looks thicker because depth perceiotn corrects for it e.g. monster
28
Moon illusion
moon over horizon looks larger than when you are just looking at it in the sky
- because in sky = no depth cues but there are many depth cues on horizon
29
After image (grid experiment)
- afterimage far away will have a diff. size
30
Ames room
- using only monocular cues to look at a room so linear perspective is misleading and person walking from one room to the other seems like they are shrinking
31
Shape constancy
- depending on position of object, the shape of retinal image will vary e.g circle changes into an oval
- differnt shapes produce the same retinal projectional but wee see it as constant shape
32
Dime box illusion
- dime doesn't fit in 2d box but in our head we think it does because it seems like 3d
33
Pointillist reptition
-only know about indiviudal misconnected elements of an object because cones are operating independingly
34
Goals of object percpetion (2)
1) store in long term memory after perception
| 2) see something later and see if it matches LTM = recognition
35
Biederman machine
- only see something for brief # of time and you will recognize it
36
Top down theory
- starts with knowledge and expectations (can bais how you see ambigous things)
37
perceptual set
- you can be prepared to see something (memory = expectation drive what you see); but disadvantage when you need to see things that you are not prepared to see
38
Bottom up theory
- starting from sensory inormation
39
2 types of processing
1) sptaially parellel
| 2) serial processing
40
spatially parellel
- it is everywhere in space at same time
41
pre attentive processing
- processing doesn't reuire attention because they respond to all areas without focusing
42
serial processing
you only get info from one area of visual world at a time (spotllight can only be in one place)
43
attentional spotlight or focus
- attending to something = ignoring something else
| - there is a diff. between looking at something and paying attnetion to it
44
3 stage model of vision
Retina --> low level vision (botom up level; pre attentive analysis; sptially parellel) --> visual routines (analyses requiring spatial attention; sapital serial) --> visual cognition (object recognition; top down level)
45
what happens if target and distractor differ by feature
the time it takes to find the target is the same no matter how many distractors there are
- bc of spatial parelle processing (mental process opeates over entire visual field at the same time)
- in low level visual task the more distractors don't affect time to find object
46
Gestalt grouping principal
- whole is the difference than the sum of the parts (when we see disconnected objects we want to put them together)
47
good continuation
idea that we are baised to see continuous lines that go in same direction e.g. 2 lines that cross over vs. 4 separate lines
48
closure
image looks like a diamond in between 2 walls but could be 2 k's (we assume things touching are the same object)
49
formation of illusory contours
when visual system makes good continuation and closure in the Kanizsa trangle/letter stop with white traingle across from it
50
Figure ground grouping
most famous is Ruben vase vs. face shape - depends on how you group where each line belongs to (what you see as main part and background)
51
Figure consequences
- is what you remember in your LTM
- smaller things are figure
larger thinkgs will become the background
- high spatial frequency = more likely to be seen as figure
52
object file
a checklist of characteristics e.g. object #1 = black, vertical etc.
53
combination or conjunction of features
RT on y axis will increase if there are more combination of features beacuse the brain needs to make spatial relatios e.g. what is left and right/inside and outside e.g. the face because it takes up time and attentional spotlight to do visual searchs of each area
54
Illusory conjunction
when you combine 2 attributes from diff. objects into 1
| - occurs with imporper time to see something e.g. colors can spill over to the wrong letter
55
eye witness testimony
- happens with gun focus and everyone pays attenetion to gun and attributes bystanders to the bank robber
56
Integrative agnosia
can't integrate features to make proper object profile e.g. mouth isn't on the head of the horse bc sptial orientation are not right
57
Simultagnosia (Balint syndrome)
- can't differentiate objects from one another inthe same scence
58
Grouping by common fate
if things move together we form things into an object
59
biological motion
- from johasson figures you know it is a human
60
optic flow
movement lines that are streaming across visual field as you go fast (important for balance)
61
visual capture
you have info from vision but also from vestibular system when vision contradicts vestibular vision is highest prioerty e.g. swinging room experiment
62
2 systems of vision `
1) image retina system
| 2) eye head system
63
image retina system
requires that object changes position from retina e.g. object move from p;lace to place e.g. waterfall illlusion keep eyes steady and will see a after effect
64
eye head system
- involves eye and head movement - you keep your fovea o goal ball as it moves across the floor so position on retina doesn't change
65
ambert fleischl effect
- track image with eyes or keep them still - keeping still seems like pendaulum is going faster because tracking object tracks the pace your eyeballs are moving
66
rechart motion detection
- get motion and direction sesnsitivity from neurons e.g. when object moves from L ro R then cell is getting all excitatiory NT and if object is movinrg from R to L then it is getting all inhibitory
67
Parvo ganglion
see fine details and color
68
Mango cell
motion sensitive bc they have a transient response; if something is not moving it doesn't espond (transient response)
69
self induced motion illusion
- when we are moving it is hard to tell if someone else is moving (related to optic flow); clouds are moving fast and looks like moon is moving (also bc moon is smaller and unlikey that entire visual field is moving; also smaller things get attributed motion)
70
Corollary signal
recives a signal of movement that does a comparison
- see text book
eyes still things in retina moving = signals to retina sensory signal to corrollary that eyes arn't moving
- if corollary signal alone = eyes are moving and tracking image that is still on retina
- if image changes and eyes are moving = thing sare shifting around because eyes are moving and scene is still
- if both things are happening they cancel out
71
evidence for corollary discahrge theor
- after image move with your eyes and a paralzyed eye with induced intetion is enough to shift perception (brain treats it as the eye is tracking)
72
Compression
crunch molecules (peak of wave)
73
Rarefaction
spread out (dip of wave)
74
Sound intensity is measured in numerous ways (3)
1) sound pressure levels (SPL)
2) decibel (db)
3) dyme
75
sound pressure levels (SPL)
difficul because we are turned to a wide range
76
Dyme
measure of force (force = mass x acceleration) dyme is force needed to accelerate 1 gram at 1 cm/sec/sec
77
Amplitude
height of wave = loud sound = loud amplitude
78
Decibel
- human capacity that is measured of louadness
- expressing sound in terms of how many times louder it is than the softest thing we hear
- 1 decibel = sofest sound
- way to measure amplitude
79
Cycle
complete wave from 0 air pressure to peak of compression and peak of rarefaction and back (looks like a sine wave
80
Frequency
- how many waves per second
| - corresponds to pitch (how low or high sound is)
81
Hertz (hz)
- way to measure of frequency
82
Timbre
- the complex sum of 4 sine waves that make a complex wave
83
phase cycle
- we are sensitive to where the sound is in the cycle of compression and rarefaction e.g. height of rarefaction
84
Resonate to objects
sounds can make thins vibrate
| - and things vibrate to make sounds (amplify the sound)
85
active noise suppression
- sounds can cancel eachother out if you have 1 sound in one phase and another sound completly out of phase (opposite)
86
lateral line
line of nerve cells that have hair on the outside (fish) that pick up vibrations in water
87
4 aspects of hearing
1) ear has to gather sound
2) have to amplify the sound (molecules in liquid need more force to move)
3) transduction
4) frequency analysis (fourier analysis to turn complex wave into sines waves)
88
pinnae/pinaa
outer ear
| - gather sounds and localizes it
89
auditory canal
outer ear
- protect the fluid part of ear; separate from cold and pointy things
- has ear wax
- amplifies sound
90
ear drum
- outer ear - vibrates to sound
91
Problems with ear (3) outer ear
1) plugged ear canal e.g. too much ear wax
2) swimmer's ear - water stays there and it's warm = bacteria
3) broken ear drum - a hole in drum will heal but the scar is harder to vibrate
92
Ossicles - middle ear
- 3 small bones = stapes, incus, malleus
| - ampliyfy intensity of sound using 2 principles
93
2 principles in ossicles to amplify sound
1) concentration: ossicles focus pressure of sound in concentrate area on ear drum
2) leverage: create a lot of force by having it reovlved around a vulcrum (like a tee-o-totter) where you don't have to put so much pressure on one side
94
Eutaschain tube
middle ear
| - equalize presure from outer and midde ear - connected through mouth and through
95
Tensor tympani and stapedius
- muscles in middle ear
- protect ear by reducing the sound sometimes because you recieve sound when you are chewing
- move the ossiciles away from oval window and prevent pressure from being transferred
- also protects from really loud noises
96
Acoustic reflex
middle ear
| - invovleds the ossicles and clench and protect the inner ear from loud noise/reduce sound intensity by 30 decibels
97
Ottitu media
disorder of middle ear
- bacteria creep up from eustachain tube and get in middle ear (happens with children because they have the shortest tube)
- can get in brain - needs immediate attention
98
Cholesteatoma
disorder of middle ear
| - development of scar tissues - build up of fluid - might have to get removed with surgery
99
Otosclerorsis
disorder of middle ear
| heridatry disease that cause abnormal bone growth on occicles
100
Stapedectomy
- solution to otosclerosis (to remove stapes)
101
Conduction deafness
disorder of middle ear
| sound not being conducted so need hearing aid to amplify sound
102
2 fluid filled chambers of the inner ear
1) semi-circular canals
| 2) vestibular system
103
3 types of semi circular canals that pick up motions
1) pitch - motion of body falling forward or backward
2) yaw - sensitive to L and R rotation
3) roll - upside down
104
Cochlea
inner ear
- 3 chambers of fluid; stapes is pushing up at cocohlea at the oval window = eardrum --> stapes --> oval window --> movement of fluid in cocheal --> round window
105
3 chambers and membranes in cochlea
1) vestibular canal (besides stapes and oval window) aka scale vestibule
- -> reissner's membrane
2) cochlea duct
- -> vestibular membrane
3) tympanic canal aka scale tympani
106
Penlymph
fluid in vestibular and tympanic canal (outside chamebers)
| - thin and watery
107
Endolymp
fluid in the cochlea
- thicker and slimier in cochlea duct
- full of potassium ions
108
organ of corti
inner ear
- in between reissner's memebrance and tympnic canal
- thin and delicat so the vibrations transfer
- movement of basilar membrane inside is basis of hearing
109
tectorial membrane
- inner ear
- has 2 flaps and 2 types of hair cells = outer hair cells and inner hair cells (change in mechanical energy that occurs with presure wave to AP)
110
Inner hair cells
- move freely
- do pitch perception
- arranged in lines
- least common
111
outer hair cells
- more common
- hooked onto the tectorial membrane
- help inner hair cells form the wave along basilar membrance
- don't directly do pitch perception themselves
- arrnaged in "v" and w"
112
spiral ganaglion (2)
- collector cells that get an AP that are attached to recieved information from hair cells
1) type 1 = like magno (thick axon) that take info from IHC; taking information far away; more type 1 (direct access to IHC)
2) type 2 = thinner axon and takes infrom OHC; inovled in feedback loop to control movment of basilar membrane
113
Frequency theory (Rutherford)
- the amount of hz = AP; but there is so many hz and not enough AP so you use the volley principle
- to use volley principle you need to use phase lock (all respond to same point in the wave form)
- weakness = high pitches
114
Place theory (Bekesy)
- when you have a frequency WL the peak of wave will be close to stapes of cochlea and low tones will be further down
- peak of wave = pitch because it's the area where there are the most AP
- look at hair cell with the most AP and if it's close to stapes = high pitch and far from stapes = low pitch
- problem that it doesn't deal with low tones so there is a motile response of the outer hair cells that hook onto the tectorial membrane to acecentuate the peak
- weakness = low pitches
115
Otoacoustic emission
ears will produce sounds and whole system will work backwards
- OHC move around spontanously and hook onto tectorial membrane so stapes pushes on ear drum = sound
- aspirain deactives the OHC
116
Sensori-neural deafness
- if fluids are moving around too much the they can kill the ear cells (caused from loud noises)
117
tinnitus
ringing in ear from hair cells being kills
118
Presbycusis
- age related disorder of loosing high frquency
| - peak of wave in high pitch is small and is part that detrioate of the basilar membrance
119
3 ways to amplify sound
1) audistory canal = resonance (vibrations)
2) ossicles = through concentraion and leverage
3) motile response from the OHC
120
Volley principle
idea that there are many neurons that take turns firing
121
phase lock
needs to happen for volley principle = that all neurons fire at the exact same phase angle of the wave e.g. 90-180-270-360
122
motile response
the help of OHC that amplifies sound
123
sensori-neural deafness (2 ways)
1) death of hair cells that is caused by loud noise (warning sign = tinnitus)
2) presbycusis of old people
124
Meniere's disease
- too much fluid in cochlea and semi-circular canala
- fluating deafness and frequences change from time to time
excell fluids = diziness (from the vestibular system in semi circular canals)
125
Effects of smoking
- BP to rise and loose hearing prematurealy (esp. high fruqncies)
126
Effects of viral infections
- can kill hair cells and is more random (either high or low pitches)
127
Effects of aspirin
- effects your hearing threshold and deactivates OHC (that help amplify sound) so you can look up to 40 decibels
128
Neural hearing loss
- result of turmor or brain damange on auditory nerve
- spiral ganglion that collect message from hair cells go out the auditory nerve fibers that go out the cochlea so damanges are random (high or low pithces); dpens on where the tumor is
129
human auditory canal more senstiive to:
- low sound - needs to be louder
- middle sound = human speech sound
- high sound - threshold goes up again
- we also have a threshold of pain (too loud)
130
Auditory making
- ther are many sounds that cover eachother
- if you have a sound and play it in the context of another sound the second one must be louder (if it is closer in frequency)
- basilar membrane always has different waves
131
Unsymmetric masking function
- low sound masks a high sound better than a high sounds masks a low sound
132
Fundamental frquency
- the lower frequency is heard always (because ther are always many frequencies = complex wave)
133
Harmonics
- mutiples of fundemantal frequency
134
periodicity pitch: the case of the missing fundamnetal
- you can remove the fudemanetal frequency and you will still hear it because our perception of pitchi is not onl going on in the basimlar membrance but also in the the brain as well --> goes to auditory canal
135
Pheromnes
which communicat interest in sex/receptivity
136
vapours
shedding molecules and only certain substnes will e picked up from system that absorb fat soluble molecules the best
137
Nostrils
specialized for bringin air that comes in at a rate that maximizes the smell
- can also get rid of molecules by sneezing
138
nasal cycle
- L and R nose take turns smelling through the day - every 2-3 hours and even the brain activity changes with it
139
what is the nasal cycle regulated by?
the autonomic nervous system
140
nasal cavity and baffles
allows air to be warmed up and humified as it goes through the channel and beause sense of smell is better whem more humid
- removes dust
141
olfactor mucosa (epithelium)
- dime size region for each nostril on the ceiling of the nasal cavity
142
suppporting cells (olfacotry mucosa)
- secrete mucus that has olfacotry binding protein that catches the molecules so they stick to mucus
143
free nerve endings (mucosa)
hand out mucosa and are part of the common chemical sense
144
common chemical sense (mucosa)
type of oflcation that is comintaion of smell, taste and pain e.g. mints
- protective of causetic sustances and will make you gasp in severe cases
145
carbon dioxide
something you can't smell but will activate the commo chemical sense
146
cilia
olfactory neurons have cilia that hand out the bottom of the mucus
- move the mucus along and are location of tranduction
147
olfacotore receptors (OR)
- contain OR protein that is the lock to the key of smell (ordors must fit into each OR receptor)
- humans have around 350 and the patter of OR receptors (similar to pattern of cones being activated)
148
cirbforme plate
- cilia come into contact with ordour and axons of cilia go up the cribforme place to the olfactor bulb (plate as holes)
149
glomeruli
- on the olfacotry bulb and diff. types of neuron each have own type of glomeruli - pattern across glomeruli = smell
150
the track of smell after it goes down olfactor tract
--> olfactor cortex --> primary olfactory cortex (prifiform) --> secondary olfactory cortex (orbitofrontal cortex)
151
Anosmia (2 ways to get)
ordour blind
1) temporary: get hit in the face and crunch the cribforme plate to come together to snipp off axon
- or smell zinc/cocaine to kill of olfactory neuron
- can replace themselves (direct connection to brain so they can replace)
2) permanent: tumor or problem with olfactory cortex
152
Specific smell blindness/specific type of anosmia:
- can just loose the sense of smelling some things e.g. urine
153
olfactory hallucinations
- when you smell things that arn't there
- certain virus causes olfactory hallcuinations to smell metallic
- also in people with schiophrenia
154
the 2 substances we are most senstiive to
1) n butly meracaptian
| 2) n butyl mercaptin
155
age sensitivity
- children have better sensiivity than adults
| - older people will eat bad food
156
gender sensitivity
- females are more sensitive to smell
| - goes up and down with menstrual cycle
157
time of day sensitivity
- smell is best at morning then deterioarte e.g. blander foods in morning
158
adaptation ( and cross adapation)
- comintue smelling something for a while and you won't anymore
- corss adapation = smelling A and loose sensitivity to A and B as well but if you smell B first you may not loose sensviity to smell A
159
2 classes of pheromones:
1) primer
| 2) releaser
160
Primer
- chemicals that are released to produce long lasting physiological or homronal changes e.g. burce effect - female mouse that smells another male will have an abortion
- mcclintock effect - locker room of girls with synced up period
161
releaser effect
- when phermone produces effect on behaviour
e. g. androsteron in male pigs to slobber alot and when female pig smells this and is fertile she will assume the position for sexy time
- or mice to look for nipples
162
vomernasal organ (VNO)
- other sepcies that are specialized strucutre for phermones that is hooked up to the accessory olfactory bulb (take in big molecueles)
163
Accessory olfacotry bulb
- can take in big molecules and is connected to the vosamoernasal organ
164
major hisocompaitlibility complex
- immune system; once female hits puberty they like the smell of others that are genetically different thn us but after we mate they like the smell of things that are similar
- beneft couples
