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Phys Psyc I > Textbook Ch 1 > Flashcards

Textbook Ch 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Thomas Malthus said what?

A

Organisms generally produce more offspring than their ecosystem can sustain. Therefore, only a fraction of the offspring live long enough to produce offspring of their own.

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2
Q

consists of the brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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3
Q

What constitutes the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Any neural tissue outside of the brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What system does the eye/optic nerve belong to? CNS or PNS?

A

CNS.

Only exception of tissue outside brain and spinal cord because they develop from part of the brain.

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5
Q

Enteric NS is a component of what NS?

A

Enteric NS is a component of the autonomic NS

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6
Q

Where is the enteric NS located? Role?

A

It lies within the lining of the gut.

Plays crucial role in digestion

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7
Q

Why are vertebrate nervous systems so highly centralized?

A

Centralization makes neural communication faster and more efficient. Closer neurons = shorter connections = faster/metabolically cost-effective.

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8
Q

Grey vs white matter

A

Grey matter: contains a neuron’s cell body, dendrites, and synapses.
White matter: -contains the axons.
-made up of FIBER TRACTS

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9
Q

What are fiber tracts?

A

long axons segregated into distinct bundles that separate regions of grey matter

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10
Q

Brain nuclei

A

clusters of neuronal cell bodies with similar features

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11
Q

Immunohistochemistry

A

-uses antibodies against specific proteins to show their location in a specific tissue.

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12
Q

Golgi Method

A
  • Developed by Camillo Golgi
  • Golgi stain = stain nervous system tissue with SILVER stain.
  • labels individual neurons and their axons
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13
Q

Experimental ablation

A

surgical removal of selected brain regions followed by experimental analysis of behaviour.
Pioneered by Pierre Flourens.

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14
Q

Electrophysiology

A

recording of electrical activity

EEG, ERP

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15
Q

Neuropharmacology

A

local or systemic administration of neuroactive drugs - neurotransmitter agonists and antagonists

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16
Q

Functional Neuroimaging

A
  • Noninvasive imaging techniques

- Allow for visualization of brain activation related to behaviour and cognitive function

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17
Q

Who drew a model of the withdrawal reflex?

A

Descartes

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18
Q

What did Descartes believe about how the human body worked?

A

Descartes thought the human body worked on a HYDRAULIC PRINCIPLE.
In reflex principle, he believed fluid as released in brain as a result of stimulus.

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19
Q

Luigi Galvani conducted what experiment?

A

Frog experiment:
Took a battery, dissected hind limb of a from and observed the movement of its legs with electricity.
DISCOVERED THAT BODY DOES NOT OPERATE ON HYDRAULIC PRINCIPLE, BUT BY ELECTRICITY.

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20
Q

Who invented the battery?

A

Allesandro Volta

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21
Q

Who measured the speed of neural conduction? What did he find?

A
  • Helmholtz

- He found that the speed of neural conduction was much slower than electricity

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22
Q

What did Fritsch and Hitzig do (1870)?

A

used electrical current to stimulate the cortex of dogs. Noted movement on the OPPOSITE side of the body.

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23
Q

Doctrine of specific nerve energies

A

Developed by Muller

  • impulses are the same in all nerves
  • stimulating different nerves produces different actions (ex: movement, visual sensation)
  • therefore, the SPECIFICITY IS IN THE CHANNEL OR PATHWAY THAT IS STIMULATED
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24
Q

What did Cajal do with the Golgi stain?

A

Visualized individual nerve cells and thus believed that the cell doctrine applied to the nervous system.

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25
Q

Otto Loewi’s experiment

A
  1. suspended animal heart in saline solution
  2. electrically stimulate vagus nerve
  3. heart rate is observed to slow
  4. sample fluid is removed and added to a recipient heart
  5. recipient heart slows

Discovered that there was “something in the water” (epinephrine)
Conclusion: info transmission is both due to electricity AND CHEMICALS

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26
Q

Who used Golgi’s technique to carefully document the microscopic structure of the brain?

A

Ramon Santiago y Cajal

27
Q

Sherrington proved the existence of what in nerve cells?

A

Sherrington proved the existence of gaps between nerve cells which he called SYNAPSES

28
Q

Marc Dax

A
  • studied 3 patients with aphasia
  • argued that SPEECH LOSS coincided with damage to the LEFT HEMISPHERE.
  • his son, Gustave Dax, had 140 additional patients for evidence of relationship between left hemisphere and aphasia.
29
Q

Paul Broca findings

A
  • Patient LeBorgne suffers stroke and loses ability to speak, except to say “tan.”
  • Following an autopsy, Broca finds a lesion in the LEFT INFERIOR FRONTAL LOBE (“Broca’s area”)
  • Concluded that speech must reside in the frontal lobe
30
Q

Phrenology

A

Mapping brain. There is an area for everything in the brain.

31
Q

Phrenology lead to __________

A

localizationism

32
Q

What is localization theory?

A

The theory that faculties of the mind are controlled by local regions or “centres” in the cortex.

33
Q

Distributed processing:

A

unlike localizationism, distributed processing states that many brain regions contribute to one process.
Specific brain regions can also be involved in multiple cognitive functions.

34
Q

Broca vs Dax vs Hughlings-Jacson

A

Broca argues for front-back distinction
Dax argues for left-right distinction
Hughlings-Jackson argues for up-down distinction

35
Q

What does fMRI activation map for?

A

a. disjunction contrast
b. conjunction contrast
c. conjunction minus disjunction contrast

36
Q

TMS stands for:

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

37
Q

What principle is TMS based on?

A

Faraday’s principle

38
Q

How does TMS work?

A
  • Scientists turn on and off different regions of the brain.
  • permits focal manipulation of cortical activity.
  • noninvasive
  • induces current in underlying cortex
39
Q

How could TMS help Alzheimer’s patients?

A

By “turning back on” the regions of the brain that were turned off due to deterioration.
TMS can also be used to activate/stimulate the frontal lobe in depressed patients

40
Q

How is the expression of “immediate early genes” (such as fos used to examine neuronal activity?

A

IMMEDIATE EARLY GENE EXPRESSION REVEALS RECENT ACTIVITY.
In a section through the ventral forebrain, the neuropeptide vasotocin appears green. This section was also stained red with an antibody against the protein made by the immediate early gene FOS. FOS levels increase a few mins after a neuron has been electrically active. It can be concluded that neurons with red nnuclei in the image from the slide were active shortly before the animal was sacrificed.

41
Q

Optogenetic techniques

A
  • Optogenetic techniques are research methods which use light-actvated ion channels from algae or bacteria to alter the activity of eukaryotic cells.
  • Can be performed on awake animals.
42
Q

Chemogenetic techniques

A

uses modified neurotransmitter receptors to modulate neural activity and drugs to activate receptors.

43
Q

three main section planes for brains

A

midsagittal, horizontal, and coronal

44
Q

The human neocortex is divided into ___ major lobes. List them.

A

The human neocortex is divided into FIVE major lobes:

  1. frontal
  2. parietal
  3. occipital
  4. temporal
  5. insular (buried beneath the frontal and temporal lobes)
45
Q

Within the hindbrain lie the _____, ______ and______

A

Within the hindbrain lie the MEDULLA, CEREBELLUM and PONS

46
Q

Two main divisions of the midbrain:

A

colliculus and tegmentum

47
Q

What subdivision of the collicuus is best known for processing visual info and auditory info?

A

visual info is processed by the SUPERIOR colliculus.

Auditory info is processed by the INFERIOR colliculus.

48
Q

The brainstem refers to what brain regions?

A

the medulla, pons, and tegmentum.

49
Q

Which is the largest division of the adult human brain? forebrain, midbrain, or hindbrain?

A

Forebrain

50
Q

Forebrain’s two major subdivisions:

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

51
Q

The frontal and parietal lobes are separated by a major sulcus called the __________

A

Central sulcus

52
Q

The anterior tip of the temporal lobe contains an almond-shaped structure called ________

A

amygdala

53
Q

___ number of neurons = _____ number of neruonal connections

A

HIGHER x2

54
Q

Define “topographic projection” in neurons

A
  • orderly, parallel connections between neighbouring neurons which ensure that neighbouring neurons process similar information.
  • Topographic projections minimize overall connection lengths.
  • A single neuron can connect with multiple neurons
55
Q

What do axon collaterals allow for?

A

Axon collaterals allow for connection of one neuron to multiple neurons

56
Q

How did William James illustrate the dual reflex model?

A

By using a child that learns to avoid a flame.

Naive child reflexively reaches for flame; this causes pain, which leads to reflexive withdrawal of hand. After learning, seeing the flame ACTIVATES A TRANSCORTICAL REFLEX ARC that causes the hand to withdraw long before the child extends his arm.

57
Q

Dual reflex arc model

A

Meynert and James (late 1800s)

  • Cortical neurons are interconnected by a dense web of ASSOCIATION FIBERS.
  • Experience modifies association fibers so that the connections between SIMULTANEOUSLY ACTIVATED CORTICAL NEURONS are strengthened.
  • As a result, activation of one set of cortical neurons triggers the activation of any other neuron that had been previously co-activated with them.
    (ex: child learning not to touch a flame)
58
Q

Neocortex is a ____-layered structure

A

Neocortex is a SIX-layered structure

59
Q

What is cytoarchitecture?

A

The study of cellular composition of the CNS’s tissues under a microscope

60
Q

Psychological vs ethological approach to deduce the functions of the mind

A
  • Neuropsychology: Use experiment and clinical observation to discover the functions of the mind; then link those mental functions to neurobiological mechanisms.
  • Neuroethology: Identify how animals behave under natural conditions; then link those behaviors to neurobiological mechanisms.
61
Q

When thinking about the question, “why do dogs bark at mailmen?” am I thinking like a psychologist or ethologist?

A

A psychologists might say that the dogs learned to bark at delivery people because they have gotten rewarded by it: you usually interrupt what you’re doing, come to the door, and tell the dog to be quiet, which is giving it some attention. An ethologist might say that dog is barking to defend its territory.

62
Q

What does “functional decomposition” mean to neurobiologists?

A

For neurobiologists, the term “functional decomposition” means identifying which functions the system can perform and how those functions might be related to one another.

63
Q

Pathway convergence vs pathway divergence

A
  • Pathway convergence happens when different axons project to a common target
  • Pathway divergence involves branching axons.
  • Pathway divergence often goes hand-in-hand with pathway convergence

Phys Psyc I (8 decks)

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