Textbook

Question 1

Indictable Offence

Answer 1

serious offence such as assault. Theft over $5,000, robbery (with/without firearm), or murder

Question 2

Summary Offence

Answer 2

less serious offence → such as theft under $5k, impersonating police/taking motor vehicle without consent

Question 3

Conventional Crimes

Answer 3

illegal activity committed by individuals/small groups, involving some degree of direct/indirect contact (e.g., robbery, motor vehicle theft + break + enter)

Question 4

Non-conventional Crimes

Answer 4

crime – e.g., organised crime, political crime, environmental crime, cybercrime – usually defined as illegal activity by international law, but due to unconventional nature + because such crime cannot be readily explained by customary references to personality of offender → may be more difficult for criminal justice system to pursue

Question 5

Deviance

Answer 5

behaviour that violates social/moral norm but not necessarily prohibited by law → e.g., butting in a line at a supermarket or certain sexual practices

Question 6

Decriminalisation

Answer 6

the reduction/removal of criminal penalties attached to an act without legalising it

Question 7

relative

Answer 7

when applied to crime, the idea that what is defined as crime can vary with time + location

Question 8

evolutive

Answer 8

when applied to crime, the idea that what comprises crime can change, taking different forms + meaning over time

Question 9

social diversions

Answer 9

minor forms of deviance, such as unconventional dress/use of offensive language → relatively harmless/not subject to regulation

Question 10

social deviations

Answer 10

behaviours considered disreputable in certain social settings + thus regulated

Question 11

consensus crimes

Answer 11

activities generally considered very harmful; therefore, there is strong support for sanctioning + controlling them

Question 12

conflict crimes

Answer 12

activities that are not universally considered crimes, although legally defined as such → e.g., procuring the services of a sex worker

Question 13

criminology

Answer 13

an interdisciplinary science that studies criminal behaviour, crime causation, crime prevention + punishment + rehabilitation of offenders

Question 14

interdisciplinary approach

Answer 14

in Crim, integration of knowledge from variety of disciplines to formulate explanations/ theories of criminal behaviour

Question 15

3 instits of cnd crim justice sys

Answer 15

police
courts
corrections/prison sys

Question 16

functions of CJ sys

Answer 16

To investigate criminal offences as defined in Criminal code → primarily responsibility of police
Lay charges as defined under Criminal code → function is usually administered by police
To prosecute accused in court, in accordance w/ law → role is performed by prosecution, or “the crown”
To determine guilt/innocence → either by a judge or (for more serious crimes) a judge + jury
To sentence those found guilty → within upper + lower limits prescribed by criminal code
To administer the sent

Question 17

Paul Topinard and Raffaele Garofalo

Answer 17

coined crim - context of crime and punishment

Question 18

author of first crim textbook

Answer 18

maurise parmelee

Question 19

penology

Answer 19

study of how crime is punished

Question 20

ppl at origin of victimology

Answer 20

lobroso and garofolo

Question 21

pioneer of victimology

Answer 21

hans von hentig

Question 22

ethical issues in crim

Answer 22

findings have soc consequences
must be sensitive to effects on policy creation
wide impacts

Question 23

rationalism

Answer 23

Rene Decartes
some knowledge is inherent and can be found through reason

Question 24

empiricism

Answer 24

John Locke and David Hume
knowledge is acquired through experience

Question 25

Immanuel Kant

Answer 25

reality is a construction and knowledge acquisition is just info going through mental filters

Question 26

paradigm shift

Answer 26

change in prevailing model or theoretical orientation

Question 27

Ways of acquiring knowledge on crime

Answer 27

logical reasoning
authority
consensus
observation
past experience

Question 28

factors that shape public perception of crime

Answer 28

personal knowledge
mass media
official state knowledge
theoretical knowledge

Question 29

sanders and roberts 2004

Answer 29

cndians have limited knowledge
overestimate crime rates
are ill-informed abt the cjs

Question 30

net widening

Answer 30

state expands control over bhvr by changing sentencing laws and admin policies

Question 31

mass media effects on children and crime

Answer 31

Become immune/desensitised to horror of violence
Gradually accept violence to resolve problems
Imitate the violence they observe on TV
Identify with certain characters, victims/victimizers

Question 32

moral panic

Answer 32

widespread exaggerated public concern over issues associated with morality

Question 33

conflict theory

Answer 33

crime arises bc of class differences

Question 34

left-realism

Answer 34

wants to know the implications of crime control policies rather than causes of crime

Question 35

operationalisation

Answer 35

defining criminological concepts/phenomena in such a way that they can be observed + measured scientifically

Question 36

why crim needs data

Answer 36

Describes
Explains
Evaluates efficiency of current system
Assesses risk
Helps predict and prevent

Question 37

hybrid offences

Answer 37

crimes like impaired driving or theft under $5000 – Crown chooses to prosecute as either summary or indictable