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SOCI250 > Lecture > Flashcards

Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

when did victims get rights

A

1985/2015

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2
Q

what was the effect of prohibition?

A

created more crime

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3
Q

which way has the crime rate been trending?

A

down

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4
Q

which way has fear of crime been trending?

A

up

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5
Q

what decreases fear of crime

A

interpersonal interaction and community

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6
Q

what are the responses to crime?

A

fear, blame, and punishment

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7
Q

what is moral revulsion?

A

an emotional response to wrongdoing that demands harsh punishment

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8
Q

intellectual response to crime?

A

f: search for way to calm down society
b: look for causes in indivs and society
pun: search for solutions
prevention

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9
Q

emotional response to crime?

A

fear, blame, punishment, thrill, spectacle, entertainment value, moral revulsion

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10
Q

what is media’s effect on crime?

A

it fuels the fear

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11
Q

what is society’s effect on media reports pf crime?

A

they consume it, so media reports

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12
Q

in what ways must crime be contextualised?

A

socially, politically, economically, culturally, demographically

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13
Q

who was the creator of the first canadian criminal code?

A

sir james fitzjames simmons

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14
Q

rules and evidence of crim procedure

A
  • presumption of innocence
  • burden of proof with crown - beyond reasonable doubt
  • procedural justice - fair trial
  • substantive justice - accuracy of outcome: truthfulness of accusation and accuracy of verdict - appropriateness of sentence
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15
Q

summary conviction is from

A

judge

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16
Q

jury trial is from

A

jury

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17
Q

provincial prison sentence

A

2 or less years

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18
Q

federal prison sentence

A

2+ years

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19
Q

how does sociological perspective help?

A
  • calm irrational elements of fear
  • identify appropriate root causes
  • identify strategies for controlling/reducing crime
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20
Q

what is purpose of law in govt

A

to protect social fabric, not indiv

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21
Q

what is the role of law

A

resolve disputes and restore justice

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22
Q

what was the historical form of law

A

kin-based redress

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23
Q

defenses to criminal charge

A
  • insanity/automatism
  • self-defence/necessity/compulsion
  • provocation/drunkenness
  • mistake of fact
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24
Q

why necessity?

A

limits ability to make rational decisions

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25
Q

example of compulsion

A

save mom to go hospital, steal car

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26
Q

self-defence necessity

A

imminent danger - no other choice

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27
Q

why are domestic abuse charges often convicted?

A

lack of imminent danger

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28
Q

why do we punish?

A
  • deterrence
  • isolation
  • rehabilitation
  • justice
  • retribution
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29
Q

general deterrence

A

to prevent general public from offending at all

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30
Q

specific deterrence

A

to combat recedivism

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31
Q

why isolation?

A

separating the dangerous from public

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32
Q

what is the dangerous offender legislation

A

worst of the worst and high change of reoffending

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33
Q

why rehabilitation?

A

get offenders into an environ where less likely to reoffend like young offenders legis

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34
Q

intermittent sentences

A

weekends in prison

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35
Q

suspended sentences

A

community service or probation, not prison, but still on crim record

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36
Q

restorative justice

A

making amends with community you’ve harmed

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37
Q

absolute discharge

A

wiped from crim record

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38
Q

conditional discharge

A

wiped if you follow certain conditions (counselling)

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39
Q

act reus

A

physical act of crime

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40
Q

mens reus

A

the intent

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41
Q

which reus’ must be present for criminality?

A

both

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42
Q

measurements of crime

A
  • cnd uniform crime reports (UCR)
  • cnd ctr for justice stats (CCJS)
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43
Q

where is CCJS published?

A

juristat

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44
Q

what is the rate of collection?

A

100,000

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45
Q

why was crime severity index created?

A

1990s: abate fear

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46
Q

what do crime stats do?

A
  • underestimate (black figure of crime)
  • overrepresent (only rep most serious and unreliable rating superficially inflates)
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47
Q

geog profiling

A

using geog location to predict and prevent future crime

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48
Q

crime funnel

A

the gradual decrease between reports, charges, and convictions

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49
Q

what percent of crimes are actually completed

A

2%

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50
Q

what percent of crime do 20% of offenders commit?

A

80%

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51
Q

what percent of crime do the top 1% commit?

A

10%

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52
Q

trend crime rises which direction

A

east to west (west higher)

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53
Q

correlates of crime

A
  • geog
  • community
  • climate
  • temporal
  • social
  • sex
  • age
  • social class
  • race and ethnicity
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54
Q

is there a difference between urban and rural crime?

A

no

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55
Q

what is demographic profile?

A
  • age
  • sex
  • race
  • class
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56
Q

what is class?

A
  • income
  • education
  • occupation
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57
Q

most common criminal profile?

A

men aged 18-24

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58
Q

what type of crimes do women commit?

A

crimes of necessity

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59
Q

what class is targetted most by police and other classes

A

the poor

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60
Q

three arguments for class crime

A
  • poor commit most; so most arrests
  • poor and rich do most; poor: necessity and rich: feel above law
  • crime rate same throughout
61
Q

what ethnic group most targetted?

A

indigenous and african canadians

62
Q

men or women: most likely to be victim

A

men

63
Q

m or w: most likely to be sexually assaulted

A

women (8x)

64
Q

m or w: accused offenders

A

men (80-95%) (98% for SA)

65
Q

m or w: robbery victim

A

men

66
Q

m or w: more likely to report crime to police

A

men (38% v 26%)

67
Q

m or w: report more difficulties after victimisation and why

A

women; different socialisation

68
Q

what percent of women know their accusers?

A

80%

69
Q

m or w: stranger crime

A

men (37% v 17%)

70
Q

what fraction of women assaulted are by partner?

A

2/3

71
Q

m or w: more likely to be found guilty - why?

A

men; (65% v 50%); judicial discretion and different motives

72
Q

most common female inmate profile

A

young, indigenous, single, unemployed, little education

73
Q

most reported crimes in vict surveys

A
  • vehicle theft
  • vandalism
  • B n E
    all for insurance
74
Q

demonic perspective

A
  • gives framework for heinous crime
  • effective social control
  • from biblical scripture
75
Q

why were witches targetted?

A

growth of power of women and loss of power of Catholic Church

76
Q

whats the witch book?

A

malleus maleficarum

77
Q

pathological perspective

A

biogenic v psychogenic

78
Q

cesare lombroso’s book

A

the criminal man 1876

79
Q

CL’s traits of a crim

A
  • bad teeth
  • protruding chins
  • facial assymetry
80
Q

CL’s contribution

A
  • talks abt female crims
  • creates crim predictability sciences
81
Q

CL’s categories of crims

A
  • born crims (phys attributes)
  • insane crims (psych)
  • criminaloids (social conditions)
82
Q

Earnest Hooton

A
  • crim bc of bio inferiority
  • huge study (12 yrs w thousands of ppl)
83
Q

William Sheldon

A
  • book: varieties of criminal youth
  • somatology (body type predictor)
84
Q

endomorph

A

round, soft, viserotonic (extrovert and easygoing)

85
Q

mesomorph

A

Muscular, heavy chest
Personality: Somotonic
Active, dynamic, aggressive

86
Q

ectomorphs

A

Frail and thin
Personality: Cerebrotonic
Introverted, lots of minor health problems, allergies

87
Q

is IQ indicative of criminology?

A

no - example of broader social impacts

88
Q

twin studiers

A

Mednick, Gabrielli, Hutchings 1984, 1987

89
Q

traits of supermale

A

Normal in most ways
Rapid childhood growth
Taller than average
No muscular
Acne
Normal IQ but lower range
Learning and speech disabilities and delays

90
Q

supermales and prison

A

Over-representated in prison
Increased risk for
Behavioural problems
Tempertantrums
Poor impulse control
Low emotional intelligence
Psychosis and heightened aggression
Treatment: behavioural, physical and speech therapy
Those in prison just didn’t have the resources

91
Q

is testosterone factor?

A

no, not overrep’d in prison

92
Q

id

A

instinct, self-serving, and hedonistic – eros (life instinct) and thanatos (death instinct)

93
Q

superego

A

moral conscience – internalised norms and values (socialisation)
Sense of right and wrong
100% socially constructed

94
Q

ego

A

reality principle (can’t do anything, must follow social perimeters) – guilt
Ultimately works for the id – wants you to get what you want but within acceptable social boundaries

95
Q

freud: why there is crime

A

The id is out of control
Overdeveloped superego is creation of neurosis (always perfect)
People snap and go on crime spree bc ego needs release

96
Q

psychoanalytic theory

A

crim caused by unconscious conflict

97
Q

sublimation

A

finding ways to do crazy things in acceptable ways

98
Q

behavioural theory

A

crim caused by learned processes

99
Q

cognitive theory

A

crim caused by info processing (bio aspect)

100
Q

Behavioural Learning Theory

A

Environment (sensory stimuli) -> brain processing (brain processing) -> behaviour (response)

101
Q

Alfred Bandura

A

social learning matters

102
Q

AB’s crim personality traits

A

Personality traits
Feelings of inadequacy
Emotional insecurity
Inability to express affection
Aggression

103
Q

4 factors that produce violence

A

Event that heightens arousal
Aggressive skills are learned from observing others – it’s normative
Expectation of positive outcome
Consistency with behaviour of values

104
Q

Newsome, Boisvert, et ____

A

pos environ affects behaviour

105
Q

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

A

Preconventional
Late Preconventional
Early Conventional
Late Conventional
Early Postconventional
Late Postconventional

106
Q

mass shooter profile

A

Loner
Aggressive – not necessarily criminal though
Disaffected
Alienated
‘Mental illness’ – there are patterns, but minor
Middle aged and ‘sliding’ – life feels less stable than before

107
Q

psychopath profile

A

Friendly
High intelligence
No empathy
Thrill-seeking – low arousal levels
No long term goals/plans
Parasitic
Cruelty to animals
Inability to learn from experience
Chronic criminal offenders have some level of psychopathy

108
Q

psychological check list of psychopaths

A

Superficial charm
Grandiose
Pathological liar
Manipulative
Lack of remorse
Emotionally shallow
Lack of empathy
Failure to accept responsibility for actions
Boredom
Parasitic
Poor behaviour control
Lack of long term goals
Impulsiveness
Irresponsibility

109
Q

environ check list of psychopaths

A

Unstable parent
Parental rejection’
Lack of love
Inconsistent discipline
Sudden separation
Above average IQ
ADD

110
Q

why is biogenic explan popular?

A

Simple, easy to accept, comforting
Fit with scientific rationality (our common sense)
Salve to social conscience (causes are out of our control)
Powerful – politically and economically useful

111
Q

classical school principles

A

Cesare Beccaria
Essay on Crimes and Punishments (1764)
Law only punitive enough to deter crime
Everyone has right to not be subjected to cruel and unusual punishment

112
Q

why was magna carta important?

A

habeas corpus

113
Q

Beccaria’s Classification of Crime

A

Those injurious to society
Those that threaten security or property of individuals
Those disruptive to public peace, order, or tranquillity

114
Q

Beccaria’s Principles of Crime

A

The administration of rational punishment to preserve social contract
Law is legislatively determined – guilt is judicially determined
Rational hedonism guides deviance – maximising pleasure and minimise pain
Social control is most effective as rationally calculated punishment
Object of social control (punishment) is deterrence
Focus of control and punishment must be on the act, not the actor
System must be rational so it must be on the crime

115
Q

Administration of Justice and Execution of Punishment must be

A

Swift
Certain
Even-handed

116
Q

principle of neoclassical school

A

judicial discretion

117
Q

Jeremy Bentham

A

Utilitarianism

118
Q

purpose of panopticon

A

resocialise and rehabilitate
skill development

119
Q

most common homocide

A

Male victim
Male offender
Weapon: gun or knife
Motive: money, sex, argument

120
Q

criminal homicide

A

murder when offender intends to cause death or bodily harm what will likely result in death on victim

121
Q

1st degree

A

planned and deliberate or of agent of public order or with other crime

122
Q

1st degree conviction conditions

A

life sentence (25 til parole)

123
Q

faint hope clause

A

convicted but outstanding member of prison pop, can apply for parole early

124
Q

2nd degree

A

other murder

125
Q

2nd degree conviction

A

life sentence (10 til parole)

126
Q

manslaughter

A

kill in heat of passion

127
Q

manslaughter conviction

A

0 to life sentence

128
Q

infanticide

A

mothers killing newborn in altered mental state after birth - hospitalisation and record discharge

129
Q

reasonable standard of honest belief

A

did you behave in a normal manner like a normal person?

130
Q

typical homicide weapon

A

knife or gun

131
Q

functionalist explanation of crime

A

Setting boundaries and ru;e clarification
Group unification and solidarity building
Temporary phenomena
Aids in social adaptation and social change
Reduces tensions in society
Economy

132
Q

manifest functions

A

recognised and intended purposes of soc phenom

133
Q

latent functions

A

unrecognised and unintended purposes of soc phenom

134
Q

anomie or strain theory

A

Social conditions change our sense of right and wrong and what we are willing to do
In times of social crisis, normal social rules don’t apply – we institute new ones and follow those

135
Q

emile durkheim

A

father of anomie

136
Q

Robert Merton

A

Anomie arises as a result of the discrepancy between social goals and aspirations and the legitimate capacity of people to achieve those goals

137
Q

what is disrepancy called

A

blocked opportunities

138
Q

Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin’s 3 environments

A

Criminal: environment that foster criminal behaviour among youth
Conflict: disorganised environments where youth have neither legitimate nor illegitimate training possibilities
Retreatist: a progression of failures ar innovating and ritualising – given up bc it looks like society has given up on them

139
Q

Albert Cohen

A
  • cultural values
  • school second biggest socialiser
  • school neg environ -> crime
140
Q

Walter Reckless

A

Trouble: getting into trouble gives you street cred – gain status -> positive reinforcement
Toughness: want to be the toughest, won’t take shit from anyone
Smartness: street smarts
Excitement: know subconsciously they’re not going anywhere, so they might as well have fun
Fate: fatalistic outlook on life
Autonomy

141
Q

Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld

A

Institutional Anomie Theory
Social institutions have consistently failed to make the American Dream possible with honest means

142
Q

Ronald Akers

A

Social Learning Theory

143
Q

Robert Sampson and John Laub

A

Life -Course Theory

144
Q

A.M. Guerry ; A.J. Quetelet

A

Social Ecology (Social Disorganisation Theory)

145
Q

Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay’s Factors of Neighbourhood Character

A

econ/income level
cultural heterogeneity
mobility

146
Q

Robert Park and Ernest Burgess
4 steps to community stability

A

Invasion – new immigration moving in
conflict – more people fighting for resources and differences
Accommodation – things start to calm down and people realise that they aren’t threats
Assimilation – oh. Okay. we’re here ig

147
Q

Oscar Newman

A

Defensible Space

148
Q

Crim Prev thru Environ Design

A

Public spaces
Design spaces to make people feel safe
Build decent housing so community can be created`

149
Q

H. van Andel’s Crim Prev Environ Design

A

protective eyes
sense of community
friendly aesthetic
escape routes

SOCI250 (2 decks)

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