Textbook Flashcards
Latent inhibition
If you are pre- exposed to a stimulis and this exposure does not lead to any consequences (reinforement or punishments) it acts as a way of reducing the likelihood that it will be associated with A consequence in the future
Ex. If you eat chicken nuggets every year for 5 years and never get sick from them and then one day you eat chicken nuggets and then Pizza and get food poisoning you are less likely to attribute the sickness to the chicken nuggets
Surprise and prediction
After there is a repeated pairing of the (US) and (cs) the initial surprise of the (cs) is no longer present and now the organism just predicts the (cs) will be presented after the ( US)
Higher order conditioning
The (cs) becomes the (US) and can form more pairings to the initial (US) even though It is not directly
Associations build on eachother
Evolutionary psychology defining characteristics
Its attention to biology and genetics as a source of explanation for human learning
Autoshaping
Behaviours that are instinctual (pecking in pigeons) become rewarded and the pigeon will eventually learn the contingency without explicit training
What is an examples of biological constraints
Instinctive drift
Sociobiology
Looks for biological explanations of social behaviour
Most important assumption of sociobiology
Humans are biologically predisposed to certain Social behaviours
Information about the brain is derived from what?
Studies of brain injury
Imaging and scanning techniques
Physical examinations of the brain
What neurotransmitter can explain the rewarding and addictive effects of drugs
Dopamine
Left vs. Right hemisphere
Left: more logical functions
Right: more emotional functions
Cell assembly (hebb)
Separate neutrons can fire in a circular pattern
Phase sequence (hebb)
Simataniousley active cell assemblies activate eachother mutually
Which two processes involve chemical changes at the level of the neuron
Long term potentiation
Long term depression
Set and attention
Set refers to the selectivity among responses
Attention refers to the selectivity among inputs
Structural changes in information over time involve the processes of:
Leveling ( making symmetrical )
Sharpening ( heightening distinctivness)
Normalizing (rendering more like the object should appear)
Pragnanz
“Good form” - that what we think tends to take the best possible form
Continuity
We are more likely to perceive smooth continuos lines over ragged lines
Principle of similarity
Objects that are similar tend to be perceived together
Principle of proximity
Objects tend to be grouped together by their proximity
Seriating
Children’s ability to order object in series
Vugotsky blocks
A set of 22 different blocks to study the development of thought
Who group of Piagets development did researchers suggest may be more advanced
Sensorimotor
Children’s 3 stages in their learning of language
- Social external speech (before age 3) used to control behaviours of other
- Egocentric speech ( 3-7) often spoken out-loud
- Inner speech (7 plus ) self-talk
Hedonism
Notion that people act to avoid pain
Eudemonic approach
Well being is related to self-fufillment
Arousal
Degree of alertness of an organism
Changes in what system accommodate increased motivation and emotion changes?
Sympathetic nervous system
Yerkes-dodson law. States that effectiveness and performance Is ________ shaped function of arousal
U
There is an optimal level of arousal for most effective behaviour and vice versa
Hebb’s Arousal theory
Looks at how intensity of motivation is related to physiological changes (arousal)
What is the general reflexive response an organism has on a novel stimuli?
Orienting reflex
Cue and arousal function
Cue: message
Arousal: bodies response
Over justification hypothesis
External rewards undermine intrinsic motivation
Entity theory vs. Incremental theory.
Entity: intelligence is fixed
Incremental. Intelligence Is malleable
Self- efficacy judgments
Personal estimates of competence
Expectancy-value theory
Self efficacy and the value of the option leads to a choice
ARCS model for teachers to obtain motivation in students
Attention
Relevance
Confidence
Satisfaction
