Chapter 9 Flashcards
Un-grading
Feedbeet is not a number but rather a discussion
Grades can either increase or decrease your motivation based on what grade you receive
What is motivation
Describes our desire and want to do something / get something done
In regards to motivation, what were humans depicted as?
Responsive to basic drives or needs but otherwise passive
Behaviour reinforcement theories
Behaviourist de emphasized drives or needs and focused on reinforcement as primary mechanism for behaviour
Reinforcer
Anything that increases or decreases frequency of behaviour
Need theories
Opposed to reinforcement based motivation
Maslow suggests needs function in a hierarchy: if one is not achieved the following needs will suffer
Maslow need triangle:
- Physiological needs (food, water)
- Safety needs (free from danger and anxiety)
- Love needs (friends and family)
- Self- Esteem needs ( confidence, mastery experiences)
- Self - actualization (creativity, satisfaction of curiosity)
Who created goal theories?
Martin ford
What are the 6 goal theories?
- Affective goals: entertainment, happiness
- Cognitive goals: intellectual creativity, attaining understanding
- Subjective organization goals: unity, transcendence
- Self-assertive sold relationship goals: self-determination, superiority
- Integrative Social relationship goals: belongingness, social responsibility
- Task goals: mastery, task creativity
Learning goals ( Mastery goals/task-involvment goals)
Focus is on learning whether the task is designed to teach them
There is an actual interest in material
Performance goals (ego-involvement goals)
Focus is more on public reputation and preserving self-perceptions rather than learning
Work -avoidant goals
They minimize the task challenges and instead seek to reduce time and effort devoted to the task
Classroom applications of goad theories emphasize:
Establish supportive relationships that encourage students to adopt learning goals
Avoid creating pressure that steer students towards performance and work avoidant goals
Intrinsic motivation theories: self-determination theory
Requires no separate motivating consequences; the only necessary “reward” for them Is the spontaneous interest and enjoyment they get when doing the task
Intrinsic motivation theory: flow process
- Activity has clear goals and provides immediate feedback
- Our personal skills are well suited to the activities challenges
- Experience one-pointedness of mind
- Concentration on the task at hand
- A sense of potential control
- Loss of self-consciousness
- Altered sense of time
- Experience becomes autotelic (worth doing for its own sake)
Flow theory
Being fully immersed in a task
Does Flow potential differs across persons and situations?
Yes
If the perceived level is high and perceived level of skill is high what occurs?
Flow
If the perceived level of challenge is low and perceived level of skill is low what occurs?
Apathy
If the perceived level of challenge is high and perceived level of skill is low what occurs?
Anxiety
If the perceived level of challenge is low and perceived level of skill is high what occurs?
bordem
Low HPA vs. High HPA vs optimal zone
Low HPA: bored
High HPA: stressed
Optimal zone: flow (perfect amount of cortisol)
Teachers can encourage flow in 3 ways:
- teaching them enthusiastically
- Match between what students are prepared for and what is being demanded of them
- Providing instructional and emotional support
What is not a strong predictor of career excellence?
Academic success
What are valedictorians not likely to be?
The future visionaries
They often settle in instead of shaking the system up
What have intrinsic motivation theorists pointed out?
People tend to enjoy and become absorbed in activities that are well matched to their skills
Students should get frequent opportunities to go beyond simple questions
Is active learning or passive learning better for remembering things?
Active learning
skill variety
(Job characteristics)
Skill variety refers to a range of different activities needed to carry out the task
Works tend to enjoy jobs that include a variety of activities
Task identity
( job charecteristics)
Task identity refers to the opportunity to do a complete job from beginning to end
Workers tend to enjoy jobs that allow them to create products they can point to and identify
Task significance
(Job characteristics )
Refers to the degree of impact the job has on the lives of other people
What is the most popular category of learning mentioned by teachers
Hands -on activities
What two categories of learning were mentioned by 65% of teachers?
Personalized content( based on students prior knowledge and strengths)
Student trust techniques(debate, conversation)
What category was mentioned by 55% of teachers?
Group work
