TEXT: Intro to SL Glossary 2 (E-J) Flashcards
Ebonics
a term for the variety of English which sociolinguists call AAVE; although the term has not been widely adopted by academics, it is a commonly used term in US society
elaborated code
a term used to refer to a variety of language which is used in more formal situations, characterized in part by not being reliant on extralinguistic context to derive meaning
Compare with restricted code
elite bilingualism
bilingualism which is considered to be socially advantageous, usually involving high-status speakers and prestigious languages
elite closure
a situation in which language policy and the patterns of language use by elite members of society effectively prevent non-elites from access to the linguistic resources they need to gain social, cultural, and economic capital
endangered languages
languages which are in danger of not being spoken anymore due to an aging population of speakers and language shift among younger members of the speech community
ends
in ethnography of communication research, the term used to refer to the expected outcome and goals of a particular communicative event
enregisterment
the process through which linguistic forms are linked with specific varieties
entextualization
taking discourse from one context and circulating it as a bounded entity
epistemological factors
discussed in language policy and planning research as factors which have to do with the paradigms of knowledge and social theories which are applied in different phases of the development of this field of study
essentialist, essentialism
the view that a single identity category (e.g., ‘African American’ or ‘woman’) is synonymous with a pre-existing, homogenous group, regardless of context
ethical proposition
a term used in pragmatics to describe a proposition which is used to create a value statement
ethnic dialects / ethnolects
dialects associated with particular ethnic groups
ethnography, ethnographic
an approach to research which is an attempt to describe a culture and its practices from an insider’s point of view
ethnolinguistic vitality
the potential of a minority language (often one associated with a particular ethnic group) to be maintained
ethnomethodology
an approach to the study of how people organize and understand the social world around them, focusing on the phenomena of everyday activities
ethnonational, ethnonational ideology
the view of national belonging as based on ethnic and racial categorization
expanding circle
the outermost circle of English, in which speakers learn English as a foreign language and the language plays an increasing role in the economic development of the country
Compare with inner circle and outer circle
externally motivated language change
language change which is motivated by contact with other codes
face
a person’s positive self-image
face-threatening act
a speech act which can potentially damage the face of the speaker or addressee
See positive face and negative face
face work
the linguistic efforts made to maintain the face of the speaker or addressee
family-tree account of language change
a conception of language development as being similar to human genealogy, with a mother language and the languages which develop from it being considered sisters
feedback (as part of classroom exchange patterns)
the final part of a three-part exchange in which the instructor comments on the response given by a student
felicity conditions
a term from speech act theory that describes the situation necessary for a particular speech act to be successfully performed
floor management
used in discourse analysis to refer to how turns are organized in conversation
focal area
in dialect studies, an area which is the source of innovation, usually also economic and cultural centers in a region
focus particle
a linguistic element that serves to indicate what the important information is in an utterance
fossilization
in second language acquisition, incomplete acquisition of particular aspects of speech which become fixed in a speaker’s interlanguage
free variation
variation in pronunciation which does not change the meaning of the word; considered rare in SL, as variants often have different social meanings even if they share denotative meaning
fricatives
sounds made by forcing air through a restricted area of the vocal tract (e.g., /s/ or /f/ in English
gender
a socially constructed aspect of identity, linked to ideas about biological sex categories but often discussed in terms of ‘masculinity’ and ‘femininity’ (as opposed to male and female)
gender exclusive language
linguistic features which are used only by members of one gender group or another
gender preferential language
linguistic features which are associated with the way in which members of a particular gender group speak
gender variation
differences in linguistic performance between different gender groups
General American
a term used to refer to a variety of English spoken in North America that is considered ‘mainstream’, without strong regional features
generic pronoun
a pronoun which does not indicate gender; e.g., English ‘one’
genre
a variety of language which evokes a particular speech event of function; this term/concept is also part of the ethnography of communication research paradigm
glocal, glocalization
developments in language and culture which involve a mixture of global and local influences
glottal stop
a sound produced when air flow is restricted by the glottis closing, as in ‘uh-oh’ in English; in some dialects, and allophone of /t/
gradient stratification
when the linguistic distinctions between groups is a step-like progression; usually assumed to be typical of phonological variation
Compare with sharp stratification
gradualist model, gradualism
the idea in the study of pidgin and creole languages that the elaboration of a pidgin happens over several generations, and not necessarily as the result of nativization
grammar
the structure of a language, including its sound system, word order, word formation rules
See also prescriptive and descriptive
grammatical judgements
the opinions of speakers of a language about whether a particular construction is acceptable in their language
graphization
the development and modification of of writing systems
group identity
the construction of group boundaries and membership
Compare with social identity and collective identity
habitual be
the use of the verb form ‘be’ to indicated repeated and habitual action
hegemony, hegemonic ideologies
ideologies which are dominant due to consensus, including the complicity of people for whom the ideologies are not beneficial; although competing ideologies are possible, they must refer to the hegemonic ideology
heritage language, heritage speakers
a term used to refer to a language which is, or has been, spoken by an individual’s family; it does not imply any particular level of proficiency in the language, but an association with the language through identification with a cultural group that speaks it
heteronormativity
the underlying assumption that heterosexuality is the norm for all people
heterosexist
ideologies or attitudes which assume and privilege heterosexuality and heterosexuals
historical linguistics
a branch of linguistics which looks at the development of languages over time
homosocial
preferring the company of other people who share your gender
hot nationalism
see nationalism
hybrid, hybridity, hybridization
languages, cultures, identities, and so on; involves the inherent assumption of the essentialist nature of these original entities
hypercorrection
the use of linguistic forms which overshoot a target which is considered ‘correct’, producing forms which do not appear in the standard; can be used to refer to using a particular variant more frequently than speakers of the variety one is trying to emulate
icon
a symbol which resembles that which it represents
Compare with arbitrary and index
identity
in SL, this term is used to mean a socially constructed affiliation with particular social categories which is shifting, multiple, and dialogical
ideology
a societal system of ideas and values which underlies cultural behaviors
illocutionary act
a term used in speech act theory to refer to an act performed by making an utterance
illocutionary force
the intended effect of an illocutionary act
imagined community
used to talk about the nation; members of this community do not know all of their fellow members, but they have ideas about their traits
immersion
a method for teaching a second or foreign language which involves exposure to the target language without use of the learner’s first language
immigrant bilingualism
the bilingualism which arises due to migration of individuals and groups from one language area to another; often stigmatized
Compare with elite bilingualism
implicature
the term from Gricean pragmatics used to refer to the implied meaning of an utterance
implicit association test
an experimental method for testing associations and thus (language) attitudes
implicit meaning
meaning which is not stated explicitly, but which is implied or must be derived from shared knowledge
independent variable
See under variable
index, indexicality
the association of a code or linguistic form with a particular social meaning; an index ‘points to’ a particular social category, stance, etc
indicator
a linguistic feature of a particular variety which is not salient to speakers of that language but can studied through systematic observation
indirect speech act
a speech act that has as its intended meaning an implicature, not the literal meaning of the utterance
informant
a term used to refer to speakers of language or dialects who provide linguists with data about their variety; the currently preferred term is ‘consultant’
initiation (as part of classroom exchange patterns)
to elicit a response from the students
inner circle
in the study of World Englishes, the term used to describe the areas in which English is used in most spheres for the majority of the population
Compare with outer circle and expanding circle
instrumental program
a type of program in primary and secondary education which uses the minority home language of the pupils in instruction
Compare with accommodation program
interactional SL
an approach to discourse analysis which incorporates the analysis of conversations with attention to broader macro-societal norms, values, and ideologies
interdiscursivity
the incorporation of linguistic material that carries specific meanings or connotations from one Discourse or context into another
interlanguage
term used to refer to the developing grammar of a second/foreign language learner
internally motivated language change
a view of language change as being motivated by processes which rely on the structures within the language
Compare with externally motivated language change
intersectional, intersectionality
the concept that aspects of identity such as gender, ethnicity or social class (among others) are not independent of each other, or the perspective on identity as including these intertwined aspects
intertextuality
the relationship between texts, where meanings created in one are carried over into another
isogloss
a line which marks the distinction between the use of one variant and another for a particular linguistic feature
judgement sample
See under sample
