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ESL 8110 - Language & Society > TEXT: Intro to SL Glossary 1 (A-D) > Flashcards

TEXT: Intro to SL Glossary 1 (A-D) Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

accommodation

A

a way of speaking, often identified with a region or social group; refers to pronunciation only.

Compare with dialect and variety

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2
Q

achievement gap

A

the disparity in academic performance between different groups of students (often defined by racial or ethnic group membership), usually measured in terms of the dropout rate or standardized test scores

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3
Q

acquisition planning

A

language planning which focuses on the teaching and learning of a language

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4
Q
A
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5
Q

act sequence

A

in ethnography of communication research, the term used to refer to the linguistic form and content of the communicative event

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6
Q

actuation problem

A

the reason(s) why language changes occurs when and how it does

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7
Q

adjacency pair

A

a term used in discourse analysis to refer to a single stimulus-response sequence (e.g., a question and an answer, a greeting and another greeting, etc.)

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8
Q

affricate

A

a sound which combines a stop with a fricative (e.g., the ‘ch’ sound in English)

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9
Q

African American Vernacular English (AAVE)

A

a variety of US English that is associated with African American speakers and has certain nonstandard features

See creole origin and Anglicist hypothesis

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10
Q

Afrogenesis hypothesis

A

a hypothesis about the origins of creole languages which suggests that Portuguese-based pidgins which developed in Africa are the basis of most creole languages

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11
Q

age-grading

A

the idea that some aspects of language use change over time within the speech of an individual; that is, they may use a particular feature when younger and then not use this feature when they reach adulthood

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12
Q

/ai/ monophthongization

A

the pronunciation of the diphthong /ai/ (found in words like ‘pie’ or the pronoun ‘I’) without the glide (i.e., /a/)

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13
Q

allophone, allophonic variation

A

an allophone is a phonetic realization of a phoneme; allophonic variation is different phonetic realizations which do not change meaning in a particular language (e.g., [p] and [p^h] (i.e., aspirated and unaspirated /p/) in English)

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14
Q

Anglicist hypothesis

A

the idea that AAVE grew up in the context of many different English dialects in contact

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15
Q

apparent time

A

a construct used in SL studies which is based on the idea that a speaker’s core linguistic features do not change over time, thus comparing the speech of different age groups at a given point in time shows language change

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16
Q

applied

A

the use of theories, methods, and findings to address issues and solve problems having to do with language in society

the term ‘applied linguistics’ is used in some cases to refer to language teaching in particular, but may also be used to refer to other domains of application, for instance, language policy or translation

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17
Q

arbitrary, arbitrariness

A

a feature of language; the relationship between linguistic form and meaning is random

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18
Q

audience design

A

an approach to studying language variation based on the idea that speakers orient their speech based on their audience

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19
Q

awareness program

A

a type of educational program for children whose home variety is not the variety used in mainstream education; makes use of the home variety of the children for some tasks and also incorporates learning about the social process through which a particular variety becomes the standard and language of education

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20
Q

axiom of categoricity

A

the idea that a speaker always (i.e., categorically) uses certain linguistic features

Compare with variation

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21
Q

backchanneling

A

the responses interlocuters make to indicate they are listening; includes minimal responses such as ‘mhm’ or ‘uhuh’, phrases such as ‘oh’, ‘okay’, or ‘I see’, and nonverbal cues such as nodding or gaze

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22
Q

banal nationalism

A

See nationalism

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23
Q

basilect

A

a term used in creole linguistics to refer to the variety of a creole language most remote from the prestigious superstrate

Compare acrolect and mesolect

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24
Q

bilingual mode

A

when a speaker of two languages has both languages activated for use

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25
Q

change from above

A

language change that comes from above the level of consciousness, usually because speakers want to sound like a higher-status group; appears in more formal speech first

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26
Q

change from below

A

language change that occurs without speakers being aware of it; appears in the vernacular first

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27
Q

chronotope

A

how language represents or indexes a particular time and space

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28
Q

cisgender, cisnormativity

A

used to refer to people whose sex category is perceived as matching their gender

Compare with transgender

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29
Q

citizen sociolinguistics

A

the engagement of non-professional linguistics in linguistic research

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30
Q

closing

A

a term used in discourse analysis to describe the turns which end a conversation

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31
Q

code

A

a word used in SL to mean a variety of a language; it is intentionally neutral and does not specify if the variety is a particular dialect (e.g., ‘Cockney’) or a broader category (e.g., English)

Compare with language, dialect, register, genre, and style

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32
Q

codeswitching

A

a term used to describe the use of two or more varieties, or codes, in an interaction

See code, multilingual discourse

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33
Q

codeswitching constraints

A

rules which govern the structure of codeswitching

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34
Q

collective identity

A

identification of long-standing, socially established groups

Compare with personal identity and group identity

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35
Q

collocation

A

words which occur together; often, part of a corpus of linguistics analysis

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36
Q

common ground

A

a factor in a relationship which focuses on similarities in background and experience among speakers

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37
Q

commonsense knowledge

A

understanding of everyday life which allows people to operate in and understand the world around them; relies on a static idea of social reality

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38
Q

communicative competence

A

the ability to produce and understand utterances which are socially appropriate in particular contexts

Contrasts with competence

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39
Q

communicative event

A

a sequence of related turns in communication

40
Q

community of practice

A

a group defined according to interaction around a common endeavor; although speakers may have different linguistic repertoires and backgrounds, common linguistic practices emerge through regular interaction

41
Q

competence

A

a person’s unconscious knowledge of the grammatical rules of a language

Contrasts with performance and communicative competence

42
Q

constative utterance

A

an utterance which is a descriptive statement which can be said to be either true or false

43
Q

constitutive rules

A

rules which are necessary to make something what it is, that is, constitute it

44
Q

construction of social identities

A

the concept of social identities as not being fixed attributes of the self but as things which emerge out of linguistics (and other social) behavior

See also social constructionist

45
Q

contact languages

A

a general term used to describe languages which have developed in multilingual contexts; includes pidgins, creoles, and mixed languages

46
Q

contextualization

A

signals (verbal and nonverbal) which help interlocutors to process and interpret the utterances in a conversation

47
Q

convergence

A

modifying one’s speech so that in resembles that of interlocutors

48
Q

conversation analysis (CA)

A

a particular method of discourse analysis which studies conversational structure and coherence, based on ethnomethodology

49
Q

conversational overlap

A

when more than one speaker is talking at the same time in a conversation; may be cooperative or an attempt to interrupt

50
Q

cooperative principle

A

from Gricean pragmatics; the principle that participants in a conversation are assumed to be trying to communicate

51
Q

copula (see also zero copula)

A

the verb -to be-

52
Q

corpus linguistics

A

the study of language in real-world texts comprising large, electronically readable corpora, which are analyzed using computerized analytical tools

53
Q

corpus planning

A

a type of language planning which involves the selection and codification of language norms

54
Q

correlational studies

A

research which shows a relationship between a particular social variable (e.g., age) and the use of a particular linguistic variable (e.g., the lexical item ‘ice box’); it does not imply a causal relationship

55
Q

cosmopolitan

A

drawing on different cultural influences

56
Q

covert prestige

A

prestige (of a linguistic variety or form) which is derived from its importance in ingroup interaction; this variety or form does not have prestige in the wider society

57
Q

CRAAVE

A

stands for Cross-Race African American Vernacular English, AAVE, which is used by non-African Americans who have picked up some features of this dialect

See crossing

58
Q

creole (language)

A

a type of contact language, usually assumed to be elaborated and nativized

Compare with pidgin and mixed language

59
Q

creole continuum

A

a construct which is based on the idea that a creole language contains a spectrum of varieties from those most similar to the superstrate language to those quite different from it

See basilect, mesolect, and acrolect

60
Q

creole formation

A

the process of the development of a creole language

61
Q

creole origin

A

a term used in discussion of the development of AAVE to refer to the theory that a plantation creole developed in the Southern US during times of slavery, and features of contemporary AAVE can be traced back to this creole language

62
Q

critical analysis

A

an analysis that seeks to find underlying ideologies in social practices, particularly those that mask and naturalize the reproduction of inequalities

63
Q

critical discourse analysis (CDA), critical discourse studies

A

an approach to discourse analysis which seeks to discover how inequalities are encoded in and reproduced through language use

64
Q

critical SL

A

the branch of SL that examines how language functions in society to reproduce ideologies, particularly those related to social inequalities

65
Q

crossing

A

use of a variety associated with a group in which the speaker is not considered a member

See also CRAAVE

66
Q

cultural borrowings

A

loanwords which are brought into a language because they denote new concepts or items entering the culture

67
Q

culturally transmitted

A

a property of language; it is learned from other people, and is not innate (although the ability to learn language is innate)

68
Q

culture

A

knowledge about how a society works, its values and practices

69
Q

Cyrillic script

A

an alphabetic writing system; currently used for Russian, among other languages of Europe and Asia

70
Q

decontextualization

A

a term used in discourse analysis to describe taking language use out of its original context

See also recontextualization

71
Q

decreolization

A

a concept from creole linguistics which describes a situation in which the standard language which provided the superstrate for the creole language begins to exert influence on the creole, making it become more like the standard; this concept is criticized by some scholars

72
Q

deficit model

A

used to refer to work on language and gender which portrays women’s language as deficient in comparison with men’s language

73
Q

dense social network

A

a social network in which the people who have ties to ego also have ties to each other

Compare with loose social network

74
Q

dependent variable

A

See under variable

75
Q

descriptive

A

a systematic analysis of the structure of language as it is spoken in a particular group

Compare with prescriptive

76
Q

Devanagari script

A

an alphabetic writing system; currently used to write Hindi and Sanskrit, among other languages of India

77
Q

diachronic (linguistics)

A

the study of languages from a historical perspective

78
Q

dialect

A

the term used to refer to a particular way of speaking a language which is associated with a particular region or social group

79
Q

dialect atlas

A

collections of maps showing regional patterns of language use

80
Q

dialect boundary

A

a bundle of isoglosses; the border between two varieties of a language

81
Q

dialect continuum

A

gradual change of language over space; while the varieties at either end of the continuum may not be mutually intelligible, the adjacent varieties are

82
Q

dialect geography

A

the study of regional dialects

83
Q

dialect mixture

A

a variety which has features associated with distinct regional dialects

84
Q

dialogical

A

involving a dialogue or exchange

85
Q

difference (or two cultures) approach

A

in the study of language and gender, an approach which focuses on men and women as members of different subcultures, with differences in how they use language

86
Q

diffusion

A

the spread of a linguistic feature through a language, region, or period of time

87
Q

diglossia

A

the use of two languages (in the original definition, two dialects of the same language) with strict separation by domains

88
Q

diphthong

A

a vowel which is comprised by two sounds within one syllable

89
Q

Discourse(s)

A

language use combined with other social practices which produce and reproduce social categories and their values

90
Q

discourse analysis

A

a term used to describe a wide range of approaches to the study of texts and conversation, some of which are sociolinguistic in nature

See conversation analysis and critical discourse analysis

91
Q

discreteness

A

a property of language, meaning that it is made up out of discrete units which can be combined to form larger units: e.g., sounds form morphemes, morphemes form words, words form sentences

92
Q

displacement

A

a property of language; humans can communicate about things in the past and future, and hypotheticals

93
Q

dispreferred responses

A

a term used in discourse analysis to describe responses to speech acts which are not the unmarked or hoped-for reply; for instance, the refusal of a request

94
Q

divergence

A

adjusting one’s language use to make it less like that of the interlocutors

95
Q

divergence hyptohesis

A

the hypothesis that AAVE is become less like dialects of American English spoken by White speakers in the same regions

96
Q

domain

A

a concept which refers to language use as determined by topic, setting, and speakers; often used to the discuss the choice of a particular variety of language

97
Q

dominance approach

A

an approach to the study of language and gender which is based on the idea that men’s dominant position in society is reflected and reproduced in conversation

ESL 8110 - Language & Society (4 decks)

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