Text Flashcards
One Planet Living?
Living within the bio capacity and natural capital of our planet.
___% of the worlds resources are used by the wealthiest 20%. ___% is used by the poorest 20%.
75,1.5
Natural Capital?
Any natural assets that yield a flow of valuable goods and services(non renewable and renewable.
Who created Ecological footprint?
Wackernagel and Rees
What is the Ecological Footprint? Global average versus Canada/usa=?
Estimates global hectares required to support human demand.
Avg: 3gha
Can/USA: 7 and 8
Ecological Overshoot what and when?
when production surpasses ability to regenerate(1970’s)
When was Sustainable Development first created and used?
1983- Independent World Commission on Environment created or BRUNDTLAND COMMISION
1987-“Our common future” released first idea of S.D
3 core elements of sustainable development?
Enviro, Econ, Society
Resilience?
the capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and recognize while undergoing change so as to still retain essentially the same function, structure, identity, and feedbacks.
Adaption over stasis
Diffuse systems over centralized ones
Community Capital?6
Most important part of C.C?
natural, physical(infrastructure), economic, human, social, and cultural capital. These six are the backbone of the community capital framework. All six must be balanced in all future decisions. At the center of this hexagon is community mobilization.
Community Capital: Natural?
refers to any stock of natural assets that yields a flow of valuable goods and services into the future. Non-renewable and renewable.
Natural Income?
Benefits that flow from natural capital.
Community Capital: Physical?
Infrastructure that helps people obtain their basic needs. Anything that is manufactured to be used to create something else. Also known as produced capital, manufactured capital, or public capital.
Community Capital: Economic?
refers to the ways in which we allocate resources and make decisions about our material lives. 2 Main resources: Financial and Business.
Community Capital: Human?
is the knowledge, skills, competencies, and other attributes embodied in individuals that facilitate the creation of personal, social, and economic well-being.
Community Capital: Social?
Is community cohesion, connectedness, reciprocity, tolerance, compassion, patience, forbearance, fellowship, love, commonly accepted standards of honesty, discipline, ethics, rules, laws, and information.
Community Capital: Cultural?3 types
is the cultural and traditional resources of a community. It defines a community, influences decision making, and shapes how people communicate.
- Embodied(state of mind)
- Objectified(cultural objects)
- institutionalized(rules of state)
Sustainability in a community?
Meet basic needs without depleting or degrading natural capital.
What core issues of context help to make sustainability relevant in rural areas?
- )Looking to sustainable forms of development to address fundamental issues of restructuring and community viability.
- ) Understanding how sustainable community planning can contribute to economic diversification and overall rural competitive advantage.
Consequences of Urban Sprawl?
Higher fuel usage, congestion, air pollution, jobs-housing location “imbalance”, and longer commuting times. Also more recently global ecological ramifications.
Importing Sustainability?
Developed countries import natural capital instead of utilizing what is in their own countries as to leave the impression of sustainability without actually participating.
Traffic Calming
measures that facilitate bicycle and pedestrian use of residential areas and major roads.
Bioregional approach?
Urban planning should reflect the ideas surrounding an areas community energy planning which will give the most energy efficient outlook possible.
Sustainable Pattern growth versus business as usual?
Vertical, organized expansion with specific boundaries(absorbs growth without depleting future options) versus horizontal urban sprawl.
3 Policy strategies that help move actors towards sustainability?
- price-based: adjust the prices of goods and services to reflect environmental costs
- rights-based:assign rights and obligations to actors involved
- market friction reduction: seek to improve efficiency of the market.
Four types of Jacobs policy instruments and framework?
- voluntary initiatives
- financial incentives
- expenditure(Contracting and procurement, public-private partnerships)
- regulation
Market “Mechanisms”?5
are interventions in the operation and function of the market that help to stimulate sustainable outcomes and discourage unsustainable ones.
1.reduce economic costs of achieving particular targets
2.create tech innovation because they stimulate economic incentives
3.generate revenue because resources are used for related activities or government spending.
4. Increase client flexibility
5.Increase transparency
WEAK SUSTAINABILITY
Demand Management?
The use of instruments to influence the behaviour of the public.
European Eco-Label or Canadian Eco-logo?Jacobs policy
Voluntary Initiatives
Voluntary Initiatives? Jacobs
- Volunteers, associations, and NGO’s
- Information Dissemination(passing on info)
- Technical Assistance
Financial Incentives?Jacobs
Pricing, Taxes, subsidies, grants and loans, vouchers, Surety Bond(paid if something isn’t followed through on)
Expenditure?Jacobs
Monitoring, contracting and procurement, state enterprise, public-private partnerships.
Regulation?Jacobs
Laws and standards, licenses and permits, tradable permits, quid pro quos.
Perverse Subsidies?
subsidies that act against the interest of sustainable communities.
Urban Ecology
studies relationships between organisms in urban environments and views urbanized environments as part of living ecosystems.
Queens park in Toronto,Ontario?
Xeriscape garden, its ecological landscaping reduces maintenance, operating and watering costs by about 70%.
Xeriscape
a style of landscape design requiring little or no irrigation or other maintenance, used in arid regions.
Creek Daylighting?
powerful restoration strategy.
-Involves returning creek beds to the surface from their underground, culverted state.
Green Roofs?2
Extensive: usually less accessible, non-recreational spaces that provide less variety in vegetation but require less growth medium, less maintenance and less water.
-simple covering of hardy, low lying succulents.
Intensive: require more water and maintenance and are generally more expensive that extensive systems.
-complex as a fully accessible park with trees.
World leader in green roofs?
Germany-estimated 10% of flat roofs in country incorporate roof-top gardens.
Green Roofs Tools and Initiatives?
- Water-Efficient Landscaping
- Trees for Tucson
- Tucson, Arizona: program affiliated with the American Forests Global ReLeaf Program.
- saved total of 236.5 million over 40 years - Green Street Standard Plans
- Plans available online for free that promote green planning. - Green Roof Resources Guide
- City of Los Angeles has developed a resource guide to aid in consumers who want green roofs. - Green Guerrillas
- Manhattan, NYC: Take empty or abandoned lots and make them into green lots.
Xeriscape Bylaw?
1991 Florida passed the first state xeriscape bylaw in the US. All new developments must apply xeriscaping.
Green Roof Bylaw?
2009, Toronto became the first city in N.A to pass a green roof bylaw.
Our food production loses ___% of the energy used to get the food to our tables.
90
The Three S’
- Security
- exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient food. - Self-Sufficiency
- a communities capacity to meet its food needs using locally available resources. - Sovereignty
- is the right of peoples to control their food systems, including markets, ecological resources and food cultures.
In their homes Canadians use ___L of water per person per day.
300
demand-side management
requiring more efficient use of existing resources instead of expanding resource use.
soft path
Planning approach that similar to demand-side managements strives for efficiency in water use.
- Innovative alternatives to water-based services
- Environmental constraints are built into the planning system
- Match quality of water to needed use
- Plan for future back to present
Ontario Governments’ water Opportunities Act(2010)
requires each municipality and water service provider to have a sustainability plan to promote water efficiency.
Oliver, BC
The soft path approach has saved the town of Oliver which is facing water shortages because of population growth. By 2050 with new plan the city can cut 50% of required water.
New York ____ gallons per year of wastewater is discharged into streams and rivers as a result of combined(sewage+stormwater) sewer over flows.
30 billion
Ground water quality can also benefit from reduced water use=
. Avoid salt water intrusion
. soil contaminants from agricultural pesticides or fertilizers, landfills, toxic waste sites, or sewage lines are not drawn up to surface.
Reclaimed water can
- significantly reduce amount of water sent for treatment
- improve water quality and delay expansion of potable water supplies and distribution systems
solar aquatic systems(SAS)
SAS duplicates and optimizes the natural water purification processes of freshwater wetlands. Wastewater is circulated inside a greenhouse through a series of clear tanks, each with its own aquatic ecosystem, and marshes
Micro-organisms(bacteria, algae), snails, and fish in greenhouses.
pg.85
vegetated swells?
also known as “grassed channels”
-swales are gently sloping depressions that naturally collect and drain water but which are enhanced with dense vegetation to capture and treat runoff from roof-tops, streets, or parking lots.
Integrated Resource Planning or Integrated Water resources management(IWRM)?
is a planning and management process for long-range water resource issues that considers all water, land, and related resources within whatever political, admin, economic, or functional boundaries they are defined.
Ex: Ontario has 36 member conservation authority
integrated resource recovery
- a type of integrated resource planning
- involves coordination among sectors that have traditionally operated as separate waste management systems, such as local governments, water utilities, agriculture, etc.
Alberta’s Water for life Strategy
Bc’s Living Water Smart Plan
Ontario’s Water Opportunities Act
Early evidence of paradigm shift across N.A
Need to become more progressive like countries such as Australia, South Africa, and EU
Watershed Governance
- deals with issues of institutional and legal reform and , specifically, seeks to reinvigorate the role of public institutions by transforming governments from top-down managers to facilitators of local solutions and action in the context of a broader public trust.
- Formally recognized internationally in 1992 at International Conference on Water and Environment In Dublin, Ireland.
- In same year the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development and the resulting Agenda 21 recommended the adoption of watershed based approaches.
3 R’s=
Vs.
New R’s
Old= Reducing, Reusing, Recycling
Rethink, Reduce, Reuse, Recycling, Recover, Dispose
New R’s most desirable!
Cradle-to-cradle, zero waste and systems planning
embody the perspective that would eliminate the idea of waste, that would utilize everything throughout the system for something beneficial.
MSW
Municipal Solid Waste
The US alone generated ____ million tons of municipal solid waste from residential, commercial, and institutional sources in 2009; this amounts to ____pounds per person per day.
243, 4.34
“end-of-the-pipe” solutions
solutions that don’t consider where the waste came from or how the product that produced it was used.
5 Types of waste?
- Municipal/Industrial Solid waste(ex: food waste, Paper, Plastic)
- Liquid Waste(ex: sewage)
- E-waste(ex: electronics)
- Hazardous Waste
- Radioactive Waste
Subaru
Example of a corporation that is striving to incorporate zero waste principles into its production process. Since 2004 the manufacturing plant has managed to divert 99.9% of waste from the landfills.
Product life-cycle analysis and Cradle-to-cradle management
two system-level approaches that recognize that every product has a life cycle that remains generally unknown to the consumer.
Life-cycle reveals the true costs of each product throughout its development. Longer lasting products aren’t thrown out as much.
Cradle management refers to managing a product from the “cradle” where it becomes something else.
New York City’s Electronic Equipment Collection Recycling and Reuse Act
requires electronics manufacturers that sell products in the city to accept them back for recycling at no cost to the consumer.
industrial ecology strategies or industrial symbiosis
seek to model industrial systems after natural ecological systems, in natural systems.
United We Can
Vancouver BC based company that employs local people to collect bottles from business’, residents and apartments.
Food residuals make up to __% of most residences garbage.
60
Waste Hierarchy of food
Source reduction—>Feed Hungry people—>feed animals—>Industrial Uses—>composting—>landfill/incineration
Types of composting:3
Backyard=
.Continuous(all year round) or batch(8 weeks)
Speedy Small Scale Composting=
.Vermiculture or worm composting
.Microbe composters
Industrial=
.in-vessel
.aerated static pile
.anaerobic digestion
Monitoring and Leachate Remediation in Kingston, Ontario
Since 1977 the city has spent over 5 million on remediation-control projects at the former Belle Park landfill site. Bioremediation using trees species.
demand side managment
focuses on reducing or managing customer demand rather then increasing producer supply.
government energy-efficiency programs and energy standards not only save energy but also create jobs, in 2010 ____thousand jobs were created.
340
Power smart rebates
BC Hydro
Photovoltaic panels
Solar-Electric
District Energy
in which local publically owned facilities supply energy to entire streets, neighborhoods, or communities, promises great sustainability dividends.
A central plant creates steam, hot water, or chilled water and distributes it to each building through a system of under-ground pipes.
The plant may be fueled by biofuels(such as wood chips or sewage sludge, natural gas, or other sources.
Cogeneration systems, also known as combined heat and power, use a power station to simultaneously generate electricity and useful heat to power and heat buildings, with one third less fuel than is needed to produced each on its own.
Sewage Waste heat recovery
Cogeneration Systems
Cogeneration systems, also known as combined heat and power, use a power station to simultaneously generate electricity and useful heat to power and heat buildings, with one third less fuel than is needed to produced each on its own.
Heat created in these systems are used to heat surrounded connected buildings.
Ground Source heat pumps(geo-exchange)
extract heat from earth to heat buildings, swimming pools, or domestic hot water supply.
Sewage Waste heat recovery
recover heat from untreated urban wastewater and transfer it to a hot water distribution system. Better then geo-exchange because it has lower installation costs and uses warmer heat source.
Least-cost utility planning
planning for electricity supplies places investments for energy efficiency and demand-side(as opposed to supply-focused)management on an equal footing with investments for new generating capacity.
In 2008 there were ___million registered automobiles in the US
255
True Costs of Automobile dependence(Economic). 8
- Road and Parking Provision
- Traffic Accidents
- Low fuel taxes
- External resource extraction and consumption costs
- Road Noise
- Land Use impact
- Decreasing land values and housing prices
- Congestion, wasted time and money
True Costs of automobile dependence(Social)4
- Reduced access to key services
- Marginalization of vulnerable groups
- Transportation diversity and equity
- Barriers for pedestrians and bicycles
True Costs of automobile dependence(ENVIRONMENT)4
- Air pollution
- Water Pollution
- Habitat fragmentation
- Waste disposal
True Costs of automobile dependence(health)3
- Air Pollution
- Traffic Accidents
- Healthcare costs
American Households in automobile-dependant communities spend ___% of household expenditures to service transportation.
20
Best solutions to transport problems are those that encourage ___ and improve basic mobility and access services, rather then new-mode breakthrough technology.
efficiency
Reducing Automobile dependence requires communities to pursue the following objectives: 4
- Land use: More transit oriented, higher density and mixed land use to help halt the growth in auto based development
- Private transport: stabilized or lower car use and less emphasis on infrastructure for cars
- Public Transport: higher-quality transit systems, especially rail, which are more competitive with cars
- Non motorized transport: greater safety and amenity for walking and cycling and increased use of these modes.
TDM and Strategies(3)
Transportation Demand Management=
.the use of policies, programs, services and products that influence whether, why, when, where, and how people travel. Adopting transportation demand management strategies promises benefits for:
- Communities
- Employers
- Individuals
TSM
Transportation System Management=
. Aims to enhance the supply of transportation services by increasing the person-carrying capacity of the road systems without building additional road capacity.
How: High-Occupancy-Vehicles(HOV’s) and HOV lanes
Worlds highest usage of public transit
75% in Curitiba, Brazil
Inner city blight
an exodus from the downtown compact cores or cities to the diffuse suburban fringes
Urban Sprawl: If the nations land use had developed to be 50% more compact, public services would cost ___ billion less.
7.25
decline in ____ is responsible for the climbing rate of obesity.
Walking or active transport
Per capita gasoline consumption in North America is now more then ____ times that of Europe and over ___ times greater then Asia.
6,30
dendritic street layout(branch like)
. typical of post world war II neighborhoods.
. consist of quiet cul-de-sac developments built around dendritic street nodules that feed traffic into freeways.
. This tends to separate transportation corridors and (unlike grid) often provides only one path from home to main arterial roads.
. Can reduce vehicle noise and increase perceptions of security.
. For 75% of residents it just causes huge congestion and lots of vehicle traffic.
interconnected(grid-like) street layout.(4 types)
. City blocks are predominately connected by narrow residential streets, which are interspersed with wider arterial roads. .No homes are cut off from road noise .All trip are as short as possible .transit-friendly .Safer for pedestrians . Preferred layout for sustainability
- Grid Pattern=
.Most common in N.A between 1840-1950
.Easy to navigate and provide most efficient flow of people - Radial Pattern=
.Similar to grid, yet civic centers are connected by radial streets
. Intersections between major streets may be complex - Informal Web Pattern=
. Developed out of an abscense of planned subdividions in some American cities prior to 1840
. Major streets are direct routes that conneted old city squares
. When cities grew, spaces between the squares were filled in with gridiron pattern - Warped Grid=
. Designed to follow the contours of the landscape
.Can highlight dramatic features of an area and result in a varied block size.
. No complete warp cities exist
Land Use Zoning(See page 159-160)
See page 159-160
Floor-Space ration
compares area of floor space in buildings to an area of the property or lot, a 1 story building that covers the entire site has a ratio of 1.0.
Urban Containment
the physical and functional separation of urban and rural areas, and planning processes that aim for efficient forms of towns and cities with minimum impact on surrounding areas.
Densification
increasing the numbers of housing units or commercial facilities built per acre of land to increase efficiency of land use and reduce impact of growth.
Compact cities
contrast with sprawl
. urban areas that efficiently use land for all purposes through densifications and mixing of land uses.
Land value taxes
would encourage proper/full use of lands and eliminate idle pieces of fertile land from being unused.
Tools for efficient zoning(6)
More on pg.164-5
.Planning Unit development
-gives developers incentives to meet pre-determined land-use goals.
.Floating zone
-permits special uses within a jurisdiction in accordance with developing criteria.
.Bonus or incentive zoning
-provides developers with rewards to achieve increased development density.
.Mixed-Use zoning
-requires a wide array of types of development aimed at reducing distances between houses and jobs.
. Land Banking
-allows outright purchase of land by the public sector well in advance of any development to ensure appropriate land use.
. Transit zoning
-districts target development in areas with transit systems already in place.
Transit zoning
districts target development in areas with transit systems already in place.
Land Banking
-allows outright purchase of land by the public sector well in advance of any development to ensure appropriate land use.
Mixed-Use zoning
-requires a wide array of types of development aimed at reducing distances between houses and jobs.
Bonus or incentive zoning
-provides developers with rewards to achieve increased development density.
Floating zone
-permits special uses within a jurisdiction in accordance with developing criteria.
Planning Unit development
-gives developers incentives to meet pre-determined land-use goals.
ADS
Can be implemented at 2 levels
Alternative development standards=
address environmental and social concerns while reducing the spiraling costs of new infrastructure.
- Planning policies and regulations
- Engineering standards
Greenfield sites
Pristine, undeveloped areas of land.
Brownfield sites
typically urban sites left abandoned, idle, or underutilized from previous activities, may be contaminated and bad for social and environmental factors.
greyfield sites
failed or failing suburban infrastructure and their associated parking lots.
New urbanism
1 of 2 prominent schools of thought in sustainable community design
- Other names include= neo-traditional town planning, pedestrian pockets, transit oriented developments, complete communities, and lasting communities.
- pg 166-169
Urban villages
successful cities that comprise several independent neighborhoods.
- minimal car dependance
Smart Growth:
5 goals
2 of 2 prominent schools of thought in sustainable community design
- Aimed to address 6 goals
1. naighborhood livability
2. better access to destinations, less traffic
3. sharing benefits from thriving cities to create regional prosperity
4. lower costs for infrastructure and lower taxes
5. Keeping open space open
Pg. 169-170
Landscape urbanism
approach to community design organizes city structure based on landscape scales such as watershed, upon which city’s buildings stand. Weaving nature and city together into a new hybrid systems that functions like a living ecosystem.
Transit oriented development
developments that concentrate growth in centers and corridors that are well served by frequent transit.
cluster development
this looks to preserve large areas of shared outdoor space by increasing housing density on portions of the area to be developed.
Low impact development
approach attempts to reduce stormwater runoff from developments through the use of bio-retention technologies such as greenroofs, pervious pavements and grassed swales.
According to the UN, urban areas account for __% of global energy consumption and __% of global emissions.
75,80
By 2050 the world urban population is set to double from ___billion to ___billion.
3.4, 6.3
UHI effect
Urban heat island effect is the most glaring example of anthropogenic climate modification as a result of urban sprawl.
