Lectures Flashcards
How can citizens affect change?
Urban planning, urban design, public engagement, civic pride.
5 Epochs of growth?
Mercantile era pre-1800 Agricultural settlement 1800-1850 Great Transition 1850-1945 Post WW II Boom 1945-1975 De-industrialization 1975-today
Mercantile era pre-1600
1. Colonial expansion Staples export Indigenous population decimated Cities small population; Montreal 6,000 (1800) Grid road patterns dominate layout
Agricultural settlement 1800-1850
2. Settler population expansion High immigration from Europe Land clearing, open access agriculture Agricultural, rural economy serviced by city Overcrowding, disease, fire Railroads promote city expansion
Great Transition 1850-1945
. Railroad network Expansion staples economy Settlement of prairie Industrial heartland formed Inner city formed CBD Transition (mixed use activities) Factory belt (harbour or rail yards) Residential (segregated, income, ethnicity)
Fordist Economic Boom1945-75
4. Post World War. Regime of accumulation Post WWII consumer Henry Ford; assembly line, working class Car ownership, flight to suburbs Government builds roads, highways Land use separation, CBD decline Urban renewal; gentrification Late 1960s:Office towers, retail revival
Pre/post-WW II
4. Pre and post WWII: inner city suburbs (older neighbourhoods) Grid street plan Housing shortage post WWII Post 1950s: grid street compromised Introduction of curvilinear street plans Cul-de-sac designs Suburban expansion, freeway expansion From public to private space
Deindustrialization 1975-today
5. 1975 economic decline Less government stimulation ($) Privatization of services, programs Reduced social programs Rise of service sector, drop in industry Edge cities (suburban downtowns) De-regulation
garden city?Ebenezer Howard (1910s)
circular design that separates everything out into different rings with a few main roads in and out.
Over __% of world population live in cities (2007)
__% of Canadians live in cities
50, 80
What can we do to affect change?4
- Urban planning
- Urban design
- Public engagement
- Civic pride
how many cars in USA in 1894,1896,1890,1920?`
4,16,8000, 27 Million
Jane Jacobs
critic of CBD abandonment, 1950-1970’s
Vertical City Movement =Le Corbusier (1930s)
Vertical dwellings
Urban Transitions(4)
- Street car suburbs (1940s) inner city suburbs
- Auto-oriented development (1950s) Freeway era
- Transit investments (1970s) Bus, Light rail
- The New Urbanism (2000s) People Focuses
Urban Living 1850-1920
Industrialization
Congested habitation
Lack of building codes, health inspections
Lack of sewage and running water (1910 Winnipeg, half of city no running water)
Lack of fire codes, no fire departments
Disease, filth; urban living not tolerable for the masses
World’s Columbian Exposition1893
Chicago’s world fair, known for being huge game changer in architecture
French neo-classical design
Beaux Arts style
Symmetry, balance, and splendor
EX: Pont Alexandre III
Paris, FR 1896-1900
EX: Singer Building, NY
City Beautiful Movement
Late 1800s, early 1900s in North America
Urban beautification
City monuments, monumentalism
Grand architecture
To promote harmony, social order
World’s Columbian Expedition 1893, Chicago.
Jane Jacobs, what might she think of this movement?
What did Jane Jacobs say about City Beautiful Movement?
“Architectural design cult”
Greenfield development ex
East Sector Study Area – Saskatoon 2011
Brownfield Ex’s
(reclamation, redevelopment) ~ River Landing, Saskatoon
Vancouver Bc= Olympic Village
Foodbank Canada=
_____ people relied on food handouts
Nearly ___ were children
___per cent of population living below low-income cutoff in 2011
Food bank users over ___% families with children
__% of food bank users currently employed additional __% recently employed
__% food bank users self identify as First Nations, Metis or Inuit
__% food bank users are new immigrants
Solutions
____ children in Canada are going hungry
Solutions?
833,000 people relied on food handouts (2013)
Nearly 1/3 were children
Foodbank usage now higher than before recession
Causes: low income jobs; loss of manufacturing jobs; barriers to EI and social assistance programs
8.8 per cent of population living below low-income cutoff in 2011
Food bank users over 50% families with children
12% of food bank users currently employed additional 5% recently employed
11% food bank users self identify as First Nations, Metis or Inuit
11% food bank users are new immigrants
Solutions? Food Bank Canada calls on Gov’t for affordable housing; better income supports; social investment in Northern Canada to solve food insecurity in the North
300,000 children in Canada are going hungry
Food Production in History(4)
Rural activity, farm production outside but in proximity to settlement
Urban industrialization, land values increase, spread of settlement
Agriculture pushed away from cities
Transportation industry develops
“4000 mile Caesar Salad”
Green Rev
Post WWII
Industrial chemicals, wartime technology
Food production accelerated
Urban Food Security: Canada
Roof top gardens, greenhouses, composting, backyards, frontyards, Permaculture Alternative food distribution, foodshare Farmers markets, social capital Community kitchens, food co-op Organic produce delivery
Organic Food
Proximity (reality is 2,400 km ‘field to fork’)
Social capital (community gardens, Victory gardens)
Lower chemical inputs
Fair labour standards
Food awareness
Quality of product
Food Desert and Ex:
Riversdale(desert) vs Briarwood
Relative exclusion from food access
Economic, physical barriers
Mobility barriers
Type of food options
an urban area in which it is difficult to buy affordable or good-quality fresh food.
The Three S’ in food
Security: Availability of food to all people
Self Sufficiency: Local resources
Sovereignty: How food is produced, control of food system, agro-ecological production practices
Greening the urban Environment(9 benefits)
Save money Regulate temperature Conserve Water Social interaction Diversity wildlife/plants Produce food Reduce carbon footprint Urban connection with nature Enhance recreation, human health
How is stormwater important?
Urban, suburban and rural agricultural land use practices generate substantial surface run-off Increased soil erosion Sedimentation Flooding Water quality degradation Loss of biodiversity Aquifer depletion Climate change (local/regional heat islands)
Runoff Rate=
Infiltration Rate=
function of (precipitation rate and infiltration rate)
function of (soil texture, soil moisture, vegetation cover
If rainfall=infiltration rate then no runoff
If rainfall>infiltration rate then runoff occurs
Urbanization brings _____ surface flow, ____ interflow/baseflow, less interception, less transpiration
increased,less
Storm Water systems before 1990’s
Objective: to provide drainage away from development; to control flood flows
Means: Structural methods, pipes, culverts, armour natural channels
Design Method: Size capacity based on 100 year return event
Financing/implementation: Public works funded by tax dollars
Modern Storm Water Systems
Objective: on-site mitigation of storm flows; enhanced infiltration; support base and low flows of streams; protect/restore natural drainage channels
Means: Decentralized runoff control, bioengineering; swales; bioengineering; on-site retention of storm water
Design Method: Computer models; multi-function land uses; appropriate on-site measures
Hastings Park Vancouver,BC
Good example of the progression of drainage systems and land recovery.
Urban Form in the suburbs (post 1950)
Horizontal expanse of city population
Low density
One and two family dwellings, low rise apartments
Insulated neighbourhoods, small green spaces
Gridiron replaced with superblock
Loop streets, cul-de-sac
Don Mills, ON; Sherwood Park, AB (new towns)
Gentrification
From gentry (old English - high social class) Return to urban core (1990s –today) Cultural amenities Older homes, character neighbourhoods Renovations, restoration, heritage homes Land values increase, rents increase Long time residents may be displaced Neighbourhood transitioning (Nutana, Broadway?)
Mobility VS. Accessibility
Movement, distance between, private realm, social exclusion, ‘auto-mobility’
.ability to move between locations
Technology has reduced distance friction
Mobility is a function of (age, income, able body)
Traditional land use planning model has emphasized mobility, automobile mobility
Mobility deprivation (youth, elderly, under-employed, disabled)
Proximity, connectivity, public realm, social inclusion, transit .Store front transit access Bike lane access Rear parking lots Walk-in shops
Mobility
Movement, distance between, private realm, social exclusion, ‘auto-mobility’
ability to move between locations
Technology has reduced distance friction
Mobility is a function of (age, income, able body)
Traditional land use planning model has emphasized mobility, automobile mobility
Mobility deprivation (youth, elderly, under-employed, disabled)
Accessibility
Proximity, connectivity, public realm, social inclusion, transit
Store front transit access
Bike lane access
Rear parking lots
Walk-in shops
Mobility Approach
Land use separation Roadway development Private automobile Flexibility High mobility rates Relative low cost (excluding externalities)
Post-1940 Mobility Approach(Auto mobility)
Automobile dependency (Newman and Kenworthy 1989)
Partly caused by poor land use planning
Partly by mobility-centric transportation planning (Freeway era)
Noise, water, air pollution, road rage
Accidents, injury, death
Pedestrian unfriendly landscapes
Mitigation: Traffic calming, mixed modes, mixed land uses (non-Euclidian zoning)
TOD Ex
Transit Oriented Development=
Portland Oregon Metro
Peter Calthorpe=
Diversity: ethnicity, age, gender, housing, land use ….
Human scale, walkability, pedestrian friendly
Density: population/km2; Intensity (human interaction)
Complete neighbourhoods
Local destinations
Walk-ability
Human scale, pedestrian, bike, auto friendly (“Main Street”)
Peter Calthorpe Ideas
Diversity: ethnicity, age, gender, housing, land use ….
Human scale, walkability, pedestrian friendly
Density: population/km2; Intensity (human interaction)
Complete neighbourhoods
Local destinations
Walk-ability
Human scale, pedestrian, bike, auto friendly (“Main Street”)
World View Paradims(5)
- Frontier Economics=Pre 1960’s
.Resource extraction, economy only, traditional academic subjects , silo effect - Resource Managament=1970’s
.Environmental protection as add-on, humans over environment, - Sustatinable Development=1980’s-Now
- Selective Environmentalism=1970’s
.Environmental protection when convenient, political priorities - Deep Ecology=1960’s
. Ecology only, economics irrelevant, traditional academic subjects, silo effect
Critique of SD
In the definition: ‘needs’ versus ‘wants’
Hold back less developed world?
Different interpretations, eg. ‘Strong’ versus ‘weak’ sustainability
Vagueness of term, overuse?
Ignores politics of the environment
How to measure, quantify?
Strong SD
must retain same natural capital inventory for next generation
Weak SD
replacements, new technology, pricing to overcome depletion
Problems with Weak SD
Nuclear (carbon emissions free, BUT .. expensive, waste storage problems, safety) Hybrid vehicles (reduced fossil fuel, but …)
Jevons Principle
1865 Coal Burning Assessment in the UK
Depletion of UK coal reserves; also coal smog/fog/human health conditions
“improved coal burning technology would raise efficiency, save coal resources”
Jevons predicted that increased efficiency would lead to more users, increased coal consumption … he was right!
EX: Los Angeles Smog=30 years
Jevons Principle EX
EX: Los Angeles Smog=30 years
Renewable Resource
(a resource forming continually within a human lifetime)
non-renewable resource
(a resource unlikely to replenish in n a human lifetime)
Anthropocentric View
defines a “resource” as useful to people (trees, fish, minerals)
Ecology and 3 Parts
3 basic parts: atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere (air, water, land)
Systems approach, holistic, integrated, adaptable, flexible
Traditional Resource Management(Non-ecosystem approach)
People and actions separate from nature Fragmentation of science Emphasis on single resource use No consideration of cumulative impacts Human capacity to manage over nature Reacting to problems, not anticipating
Ecosystem Approach
Holistic, interactions Humans as part of nature (not over) Diversity, resilience Global water cycle includes human use Cultural component considered Importance of actors, stakeholders
Urban impacts and ecosystem approach
Re)imagining ‘nature’
Citizen engagement
Awareness of economy, ecology, social linkages
Cultural amenities
Built environment, civic pride, architecture
Cities as an urban ecosystem
Greyfield Opportunities and Challenges
Transit essential to support retrofits
300 metre buffers on watercourses
Daylight streams, introduce permeable surfaces
Re-greening, vegetation and food production
Improved architecture in retrofits
Public support for more retrofits
Transfer development rights to transit corridors
Reburbia
Redesigning/Retrofitting
suburbia
Hastings park, Vancouver Date
1960s-1990s
Greyfield restoration
Ellen Dunham-Jones
Retrofitting Suburbia
Key consequences of suburbia= . Health . Affordability . Climate Change . demographic shift . underperforming asphalt
.Transit is a key contributor to retrofitting
.Pockets of walkability provide huge help to underperforming areas
Reinhabitation
Using a formerly closed building(ex: mall) for other uses such as libraries, schools, art galleries.
Pre-Conditions for sprawl
- Car Availability
- Home Ownership
- Post-WW2 demand for housing
- Mass building of roads
The Planning and Development Act: Saskatchewan
The purposes of this Act are the following:
(a) to establish the planning and development system in the province;
(b) to identify provincial interests that guide provincial and municipal planning decisions in the development of communities;
(c) to support the development of environmentally, economically, socially and culturally sustainable communities;
(d) to enable co-operation between municipalities, planning districts and other jurisdictions and agencies in the delivery of planning services and
infrastructure development with communities;
(e) to provide for public participation in the planning process;
(f) to provide equitable dispute resolution and appeal processes.
Legislative vs. Judicial
Legislative is city council
judicial is judges
