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Zoology 2040 > Tetrapods > Flashcards

Tetrapods Flashcards

1
Q

Where did tetrapods evolve from?

A

Lobe-finned fishes

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2
Q

Three characteristics showing that Amphibians are still aquatic

A
  1. Reproduction happens in water; mostly external fertilization
  2. Eggs are un-protected and hatch larvae with gills not lungs
  3. Skin is thin, moist, and permeable
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3
Q

Three characteristics showing that Amphibians are becoming terrestrial

A
  1. Tetrapod skeleton grows strong, spine becomes more rigid
  2. Loss of lateral line and development of sound and olfaction reception
  3. Develop head mobility and a tongue to handle food within mouth
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4
Q

Apoda or Caecilians

A
  • Snake like
  • Most blind as adults
  • Breathe by skin and lungs
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5
Q

Which amphibian reproduces internally?

A

Apoda (tadpole-like larva)

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6
Q

Caudata or Urodela

A

Salamanders (with tail)

  • Respiration by gills as young
  • Respiration by lungs + skin as adults
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7
Q

Anura or Salientia

A

Frogs and toads

- NO paedomorphosis

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8
Q

Paedomorphosis

A

Retention of larval morphology after reaching adulthood (no metamorphosis)

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9
Q

Which amphibian goes through paedomorphosis?

A

Salamanders

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10
Q

Frogs vs. Toads

A

Frogs: thinner skin, attached to water, produce masses of eggs, normally jump

Toads: drier bumpier skin, less dependant on water, produce line of eggs, normally crawl

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11
Q

In frogs & toads; what is the male’s part in fertilization?

A

The male attaches to the female’s back while she lays eggs; adds seminal fluid

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12
Q

5 main innovations for reptiles

A
  1. Egg with amnion
  2. Dry scaly skin
  3. Excretion of uric acid
  4. Copulatory organ
  5. Better jaws + stronger skeleton
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13
Q

Anapsids

A

0 temporal openings

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14
Q

Synapsids

A

1 temporal opening

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15
Q

Diapsids

A

2 temporal openings

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16
Q

What reptiles are anapsids?

A

Turtles

17
Q

What reptiles are synapsids?

A

Several extinct reptiles + therapsids

- Dimetrodon

18
Q

What reptiles are diapsids?

A
  • Lizards
  • Crocodiles & alligators
  • Snakes
  • Birds
19
Q

Birds main adaptions

A
  • Feathers
  • Skeleton; flight muscles
  • Temperature regulation
  • Respiration
  • Reproduction and behaviour
20
Q

Birds: Feathers

A
  • Derived from reptile scales
21
Q

Birds: Skeleton; flight muscles

A

Bones are porous, light and strong

- vertebrate fused to ribs and skull is fused in one piece

22
Q

Birds: Temperature regulation

A

Endothermic: body generates its own heat
Homeothermic: body maintains a constant temperature

23
Q

What are the first known mammals?

A

morganucodontids

24
Q

Origins of mammals

A

Descendants of Therapsids

25
Q

What differentiates a mammal from other vertebrates?

A
  1. Major skull and dentition modifications
  2. Ear apparatus
  3. Hair, lactation
  4. Changes in limb posture
26
Q

Prototherians

A
  • Order Monotremata
  • Platypus & Echidna
  • 1 cloaca
  • pouch
  • absence of nipples
  • lactation
27
Q

Platypus

A
  • Protherian
  • Order Monotremata
  • Semi-aquatic
  • Produces venom via crural system (only males)
  • Electro and mechanoreceptors on bill and skin
28
Q

Echidna

A
  • Protherian
  • Order Monotremata
  • Mechano and thermoreceptors
  • Mucus glands
  • Curls in ball
29
Q

Metatherians

A
  • Short gestation period
  • Inefficient placentas
  • Extremely altricial babies
  • Marsupials (pouch)
  • long lactation period
  • Hair
    e. g. Kangaroo
30
Q

Eutherians

A
  • Some don’t have hair as adults
  • Altricial or precocial babies
  • Short lactation period
  • Complex and advanced social behaviours
31
Q

Birds: Respiration

A
  • Well-developed lungs and blood irrigation
  • With air sacs (hold fresh air)
  • Fly
32
Q

Birds: Reproduction & behaviour

A
  • Well-developed brain for flight and visuals
  • High developed behaviour and visual displays during mating
  • Females only have left ovary
33
Q

Flightless birds

A
  • Evolved from several independent origins
  • Most usually, evolved as a response to lack of land predators
  • Pelvic bones enlarged and sternum reduced
    e. g. Ostrich
34
Q

Seabirds

A
  • Less colorful
  • Waterproof feathers
  • Live longer, reproduce later
  • Salt glands
  • Lost ability to fly
  • Wings shaped as fins
35
Q

Reptiles: Egg with amnion

A

Thin membrane with fluid that protects the embryo

36
Q

Reptiles: dry scaly skin

A

Heavier, thicker, non permeable

  • Protect against desiccation
  • Formed from epidermis
37
Q

Reptiles: excretion of uric acid

A

Highly concentrated urine

- Minimizes loss of water

38
Q

Reptiles: copulatory organ

A

Internal fertilization is now necessary

- Reproductive organs in cloaca

39
Q

Reptiles: Skeleton

A

More efficient for chewing and bigger prey (jaws)

- Larger and heavier bodies

Zoology 2040 (15 decks)

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