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Reproduction > Testicular & Ovarian Function > Flashcards

Testicular & Ovarian Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major functions of reproductive organs?

A

Gametogenesis and secretion of hormones

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2
Q

Spermatogenesis produces _________ and occurs in _________

A

Spermatozoa; Sertoli cell in seminiferous tubules

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3
Q

Oogenesis produces _________ and occurs in _________

A

Ova; ovary

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4
Q

Testosterone in males is produced by

A

Leydig cells (interstitial cells) in interstitial tissue of the testis

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5
Q

In females, estrogen and progesterone are secreted by

A

theca and granulosa cells

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6
Q

At the end of mitosis, developing sperm cells are called

A

Spermatocytes

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7
Q

Human gametes contain how many chromosomes?

A

23

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8
Q

When does spermatogenesis begin?

A

At puberty

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9
Q

Germ cells

A

give rise to gametes

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10
Q

Germ cells exist in

A

embryonic gonads

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11
Q

Germ cell numbers are increased by

A

mitosis

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12
Q

Meiosis produces

A

primary, secondary, and haploid gametes

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13
Q

Mitotic proliferation in males yields

A

4 Primary spermatocyte from 1 spermatogonium

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14
Q

Primary spermatocytes have how many chromosomes?

A

46 (diploid, double strands)

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15
Q

The first meiotic division in males produces

A

Secondary spermatocytes (2 per primary spermatocyte)

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16
Q

Secondary spermatocytes have how many chromosomes?

A

23 (haploid, single strands)

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17
Q

The second meiotic division in males produces

A

Spermatids (2 per secondary spermatocyte)

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18
Q

Spermatids have how many chromosomes?

A

23 (haploid, single strand)

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19
Q

Spermatids give rise to

A

Spermatozoa

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20
Q

T/F Spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules are fully mature

A

False; they have to travel from the seminiferious tubules in the testes out

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21
Q

Spermatozoa have how many chromosomes?

A

23 (haploid, double strands)

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22
Q

Oogenesis begins

A

in fetal life

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23
Q

After the first meiotic division, a primary oocyte has become

A

a secondary oocyte and a polar body

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24
Q

In females, mitotic proliferation of oogonia occurs

A

prior to birth

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25
Q

At birth, the female has ______ oocytes

A

Primary

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26
Q

At birth, primary oocytes are arrested in

A

1st meioitic division

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27
Q

At birth, a female has how many primary oocytes?

A

~5 million

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28
Q

T/F Female gametogenesis is completed at ovulation

A

False; the second meiotic division only occurs after fertilization

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29
Q

Female gametogenesis is only completed if

A

the secondary oocyte is fertilized

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30
Q

At puberty, one primary oocyte

A

reaches maturity and completes the 1st meiotic division just prior to ovulation

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31
Q

Primary oocytes complete the 1st meiotic division

A

starting at puberty; just prior to ovulation every month until menopause

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32
Q

What is a polar body?

A

non-functional oocyte that degenerates

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33
Q

Polar bodies are generated from

A

primary oocytes (1st meiotic div) and secondary oocytes (2nd meiotic div)

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34
Q

Completion of the 1st meiotic division in females gives rise to

A

Secondary oocyte

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35
Q

Secondary oocytes have how many chromosomes?

A

23 (haploid, double strands)

36
Q

Primary oocytes have how many chromosomes prior to completion of the 1st meiotic division?

A

46 (diploid, double strands)

37
Q

Primary oocytes have how many chromosomes following completion of the 1st meiotic division?

A

23 (diploid, double strands)

38
Q

Mature ova have how many chromosomes?

A

23ss (ova) + 23ss (sperm) = 46 chromosomes

39
Q

T/F Secondary oocytes mature independently to mature ova

A

False; mature ova only arise AFTER fertilization with sperm

40
Q

1 primary oocyte gives rise to _______, cf 1 primary spermatocyte gives rise to _______

A

1 mature ovum; 4 mature sperm

41
Q

In females, estrogen and progesterone are produced by

A

follicular cells and the corpus luteum

42
Q

GnRH from the hypothalamus stimulates

A

FSH and LH secretion from the anterior pituitary

43
Q

What are the peptide hormones produced by the gonads in response to LH and FSH?

A

inhibin and activin

44
Q

Aromatase converts

A

testosterone to estradiol

45
Q

The more biologically active form of testosterone is

A

dihydrotestosterone, DHT

46
Q

DHT is produced from testosterone by

A

5alpha-reductase

47
Q

In males, the primary target for FSH is

A

Sertoli cells (spermatogenesis)

48
Q

In males, the primary target for LH is

A

Leydig cells (testosterone production)

49
Q

The scrotum contains

A

testis, epididymis, and vas deferens

50
Q

The testis contains

A

coiled seminiferous tubules

51
Q

Maturation of sperm occurs in the

A

epididymis

52
Q

The vas deferens travels from

A

the epididymis to the seminal vesicles

53
Q

Sertoli cells are located

A

within the seminiferous tubules, surrounding and supporting the sperm

54
Q

Spermatogenisis occurs in which cells?

A

Sertoli

55
Q

What is the role of the interstitial tissues in the STs?

A

supporting spermatogenesis; Leydig cells produce testosterone and capillaries deliver nutrients/remove wastes

56
Q

T/F Testosterone secretion from the testes is continuous from birth

A

False; it is continuous from puberty

57
Q

What is the pathway of testosterone secretion?

A

GnRH –> LH –> Leydig cells –> testosterone –> sex characteristics

58
Q

What is the pathway of spermatocyte maturation?

A

GnRH –> FSH –> Sertoli cells –> spermatocyte maturation

59
Q

What is the role of inhibin?

A

Acts by long and short loop feedback to regulate FSH and testosterone

60
Q

Spermatogenesis is driven by which hormone?

A

Testosterone

61
Q

What are the non-reproductive actions of testosterone?

A

protein anabolic effects, bone growth, closure of epiphyses, sebaceous gland secretions

62
Q

What are the components of semen?

A

Sperm, mucus, water, buffers, nutrients (fructose, citric acid, vitC, carnitine), enzymes, zinc, prostaglandins

63
Q

What do the STs contribute to semen?

A

sperm

64
Q

What do the bulbourethral glands contribute to semen?

A

mucus (lubricant), water, buffers to neutralize acid in vagina

65
Q

What does the prostate gland contribute to semen?

A

buffers to neutralize acid in vagina, nutrients (citric acid), enzymes to clot semen in vagina then liquefy it

66
Q

What do the seminal vesicles contribute to semen?

A

nutrients (fructose and vitC), water, enzymes to clot and liequefy semen in vagina, prostaglandins to facilitate smooth muscle contraction and transport of sperm

67
Q

What does the epididymis contribute to sperm?

A

Carnitine

68
Q

In males, FSH acts on ________ to cause ________ and produce _______ which feeds back on ________

A

Sertoli cells; cause spermatogenesis; produce androgen binding protein and inhibin which negatively feeds back on FSH

69
Q

Inhibin in males is produced in _____ in response to _____

A

Sertoli cells; FSH - negatively feeds back on FSH

70
Q

In males, LH acts on _______ to produce ________ which acts on _________ to stimulate _________

A

Leydig cells; testosterone; Sertoli cells; spermatogenesis

71
Q

T/F Spermatogenesis is driven solely by testosterone and can occur in the absence of FSH

A

False; both testosterone and FSH effects on Sertoli cells are needed to drive spermatogenesis

72
Q

Testosterone feeds back on

A

GnRH and LH secretion

73
Q

What is andropause?

A

Lower levels of testosterone in ~50% men with ageing; may affect general and reproductive and sexual functions

74
Q

Menses refers to

A

sloughing off of the endometrium

75
Q

What occurs during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

new uterine lining forms

76
Q

The menstrual cycle begins at

A

puberty; interrupted by pregnancy and terminated by menopause

77
Q

What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

Follicular/Proliferative and Luteal/Secretory

78
Q

The follicular/proliferative phase is dominated by what hormones?

A

Estrogen

79
Q

The luteal/secretory phase is dominated by what hormones?

A

Progesterone and estrogen

80
Q

Estrogen controls which secondary sex characteristics in females?

A

Breast development and distribution of body fat

81
Q

Adrenal androgens control which secondary sex characteristics in females?

A

Growth of pubic and axillary hair, sex drive

82
Q

T/F The fallopian tube is physically connected to the uterus and the ovary

A

False; it is connected to the uterus but NOT the ovary

83
Q

Endometrium is located

A

lining the inner uterine wall

84
Q

What is the role of the endometrium?

A

Thickens and is shed monthly with menstruation

85
Q

Myometrium is located

A

between the endometrium and the outer connective tissue of the uterine wall

86
Q

What is the function of the myometrium?

A

Muscle layer that contracts to expel the baby

Reproduction (11 decks)

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