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Urogenital system > Testes, epididymis, and scrotum > Flashcards

Testes, epididymis, and scrotum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the attachment of the testes and epididymis to the vaginal tunic and spermatic fascia?

A

Ligament of the tail of the epididymis.

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2
Q

Does the vas deferens cross ventral or dorsal to the ureters at the level of the lateral ligament of the bladder?

A

Ventral.

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3
Q

What structures does the spermatic cord contain?

A

Ductus deferens and its associated artery and vein, testicular artery, pampiniform plexus, lymphatic vessels, nerves and cremaster muscle.

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4
Q

From which muscle is the cremaster muscle formed?

A

The internal abdominal oblique.

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5
Q

What is the vascular supply of the testis and epididymis?

A

Testicles: Testicular arteries from the aorta, venous drainage to the vena cava (right) or left renal vein (left).

Epididymis: Ductus deferens arteries from the prostatic artery (branch of the internal iliac artery).

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6
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the testicles?

A

Lumbar lymph nodes.

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7
Q

What are the three layers of the scrotum?

A

Skin, tunica dartos, scrotal fascia.

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8
Q

What is the vascular supply to the scrotum?

A

The external pudendal artery. Scrotal veins correspond to arterial supply.

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9
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the scrotum?

A

The superficial inguinal lymph nodes.

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10
Q

What are the three cells of the testes?

A
  1. Spermatogenic
  2. Sertoli: support the development and maturation of sperm. Stimulated by FSH.
  3. Leydig (interstitial cells): produce testosterone, controlled by LH in the anterior pituitary gland.
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11
Q

What are the accessory sex glands of the dog and cat?

A

Dog: prostate.
Cat: prostate and bulbourethral glands.

The prostate secretes thin, milky, alkaline seminal fluid that aids survival of spermatozoa.

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12
Q

How can a bilateral cryptorchid dog be differentiated from a bilateral anorchid or castrated dog?

A

After administration of hCG (which has a similar function as LH) should see a rapid rise in plasma testosterone levels if a testicle is present.

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13
Q

How long after castration should the penile spines on a cat disappear?

A

6-weeks

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14
Q

At what age can diagnosis of cryptorchidism be definitively made?

A

6 months.

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15
Q

Why is surgical descensus and orchiopexy not recommended for treatment of cryptorchidism?

A

Likely heritable component, therefore castration is recommended.

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16
Q

What is the rate of neoplastic transformation of a canine cryptorchid testicle?

A

9-14%

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17
Q

What concurrent congenital abnormalities have been reported in dogs and cats with cryptorchidism?

A

Dogs: Hip dysplasia, patellar luxation, defects of the penis and prepuce, and umbilical hernia.

Cats: Patellar luxation, shortened or kinked tail, tetralogy of Fallot, tarsal deformities, microphthalmia, and upper eyelid agenesis.

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18
Q

What are some causes of orchitis?

A

Bacterial (Brucella canis, Klebsiella), viral (canine distemper), fungal (Rhodotorula glutinis), or rickettsial (Rocky Mountain spotted fever).

19
Q

How can orchitis be differentiated from testicular neoplasia or torsion?

A

History, clinical findings, blood work indices, testicular ultrasonography, fine needle aspiration (FNA), testicular biopsy, and orchiectomy.

20
Q

What diagnostics can be useful for the diagnosis of testicular torsion?

A

Generally intraabdominal cryptorchid testicle. Can be identified by abdominal radiographs, ultrasound +/- Doppler, abdominal exploratory surgery.

21
Q

What are the most common canine testicular cell tumours?

A

Interstitial (Leydig) cell tumours, Sertoli cell tumours, seminomas (equal frequency).

22
Q

How much is the risk of testicular neoplasia increased in dogs with concurrent inguinal hernia?

A

4.7 times.

23
Q

What percentage of dogs with Sertoli cell tumours present with feminization syndrome?

A

16-39%. Can cause fatal myelotoxicosis (anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia).

24
Q

What is the metastatic rate for Sertoli cell tumours in dogs?

A

2-10% (regional lymph nodes, lungs, kidneys, spleen, pancreas, liver).

25
Q

What is the metastatic rate for seminomas in dogs?

A

6-11%. If metastasis is absent orchiectomy is often curative.

26
Q

What other disease processes often occur in conjunction with Leydig cell tumours?

A

Perineal hernia (15%), perianal adenoma (37%), perianal adenocarcinoma (9%) suspected secondary to increased testosterone production.

27
Q

Do Leydig cell tumours metastasize frequently?

A

No, orchiectomy normally associated with an excellent prognosis.

28
Q

What hormonal changes are frequently seen in conjunction with Sertoli cell tumours?

A

Increased inhibin, decreased LH, FSH, and testosterone. Estradiol concentrations remain relatively constant and therefore feminization is thought to occur secondary to changes in the estradiol/testosterone ratio.

29
Q

What are some differential diagnoses for testicular tumours?

A

Scrotal hernia, orchitis, epididymitis, testicular torsion, spermatocele, varicocele, hydrocele, hematoma, abscess, and sperm granuloma.

30
Q

How frequent is bilateral involvement of testicular tumours?

A

Interstitial (Leydig) tumours 43%, 18% seminomas, 11% Sertoli cell tumours.

31
Q

What are some potential complications associated with testicular FNA or biopsy?

A

Induction of immune intolerance (disruption of the blood testes barrier), local spread of infection or neoplastic cells, temporary decrease in fertility, hemorrhage, adhesions, sperm granuloma.

32
Q

What can scrotal varicosities cause?

A

Hemorrhage and ulceration.

33
Q

What are some disadvantages of neutering in male dogs?

A
  1. Increased risk of bladder and prostate cancer.
  2. Increased risk of OSA in Rottweilers neutered before 1 year of age.
  3. Increase in prevalence of joint disease (2 x the incidence when neutered before 6 months) and lymphosarcoma in Golden Retrievers.
34
Q

What are some nonsurgical sterilization techniques?

A

Injections with testosterone and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist, chlorhexidine digluconate, GnRH, glycerol, or zinc gluconate.

35
Q

What are some potential complications associated with scrotal castration in dogs?

A

Incisional inflammation (4%) and scrotal swelling (2%).

May be faster and result in less postoperative trauma than prescrotal castration.

36
Q

What are some techniques for cord ligation with feline orchiectomy?

A

Overhand hemostat technique, figure of eight hemostat technique, suture or hemoclip attentuation, square knot open technique.

37
Q

How is vasectomy performed?

A

Either via an inguinal, open caudal midline abdominal, abdominal laparoscopic assisted approach, prescrotal or scrotal incision. Each ductus deferens is double ligated with hemoclips or suture and transected.

38
Q

What are some surgical approaches for unilateral abdominal cryptorchid removal?

A

Standard caudal parapreputial midline approach, caudal paramedian (peripreputial) incision, or laparoscopy.

39
Q

Which vessels are encountered during a caudal parapreputial midline approach to the abdomen?

A

The preputial branches of the external pudendal arteries/veins.

40
Q

What is the benefit of a caudal paramedian (peripreputial) approach to the abdomen for unilateral cryptorchid removal?

A

Allows concurrent examination of the ipsilateral inguinal ring.

Disadvantage is higher muscle morbidity and hemorrhage.

41
Q

What are some complications associated with canine castration?

A

Dogs. Infection, scrotal bruising, incisional hemorrhage, scrotal or incisional swelling, scrotal hematoma.

Cats: funiculitis, scrotal hematoma, scrotal abscess, priaprism (may require PU if persistent).

42
Q

In what percentage of Greyhounds is delayed postoperative bleeding following OVH or neuter observed?

A

26%, suspected secondary to enhanced fibrinolysis.

43
Q

How long after neutering or vasectomy should males be separated from estrous females?

A

10-14 days.
Varied reports of time taken to aspermia following castration in dogs (5-21 days), and cats (49 days).

Urogenital system (11 decks)

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