test4 Flashcards
What is the difference between Hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic?
They are all comparisons
what ions are mostly responsible for action potential generated in a neuron?
NA+ and K+ (sodium and potassium)
what is the standard measurement at rest for nerve cells?
-70 millivolts
what is the primary difference between the cell walls of animals and plants, AND what substance makes it so?
Plant cells have a more rigid, structured form due to cellulose
define hydrostatic vs osmotic pressure
where do mitochondra come from?
The X chromosome, just the egg not the sperm
How is RNA connected to DNA?
DNA is the template for RNA (produces it)
What is aquaporin?
protein that facilitates water diffusion through membranes (different varieties depending on location)
How would a RBC (red blood cells) respond of placed in a hypertonic solution?
water will flow out and the cell will shrink
What is the difference between Endo and exo cytosis?
Endocytosis is taking in substances, exo is removing them
Major types of endocytosis:
Phago
Pino
Receptor
AT & GC are used in DNA, what is used for RNA?
AU & GC
How are helicase, triglomerase, primase, polymerase and ligase connected?
Enzymes used in DNA replication
Primase
splits the DNA to synthesize
Helicase
breaks H bonds
Triglomerase
unwinds the DNA
Polymerase
duplicates
ligase
reconnects the 2 strands of RNA
kinase
enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high energy donating molecules (ATP)to specific substrates
basic function of cell membrane
barrier to control what enters and exits the cell
Hypertonic
higher osmotic pressure than X
Hypotonic
lower osmotic pressure than X
Isotonic
neutral or even osmotic pressure
What is diffusion?
When certain substances like O and CO2 can easily pass through a membrane
What determines what way a substance moves through a membrane?
1-amount of energy required and 2-size of substance particles
Osmosis
movement of water through a cell membrane by diffusion
What is the fluid mosaic model?
description of structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components -including phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and carbs- that give the membrane a fluid character
what are examples of substances that can diffuse directly through cell membranes?
O2, CO2 and hormones
What is diffisuion?
movement of particles from a high concentration to low to achieve equilibrium
what is facilitated diffusion?
when transport proteins aid certain ions, proteins or molecules to diffuse
Passive vs active transport
passive doesn’t need an expenditure of energy, active needs ATP
NA+/K+ pump is an example of:
active transport, estimated that it uses 1/3-2/3of all cell ATP
What is GO RACER
Acronym used to remember characteristics of all living things
Specify the elements in GO RACER
Grow/Develop
Organized (specially designed for different functions)
Reproduce
Adapt to their environment
Cellular (have cells)
Energy usage
Respond to Stimuli
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
P-typically bacteria, no membrane enclosed nucleus and other organelles
E-have smaller membranes for organelles
differentiation
When zygotes become many cells with specialized structures and functions
What is the importance of surface area to volume ratios?
surface area is needed for exchange of substances though a cell membrane. Smaller surface area limits that
Edema
too much fluid
hydrostatic pressure
too much fluid pressure against a surface
osmotic pressure
the amount of force applied to a solution to prevent a solvent from moving across a semipermeable membrane
What is unique about RBCs (red blood cells)?
They don’t have a nucleus
why are organelle membranes important?
they help enclose, concentrate and protect the specialized function of a given organelle
What does a cytoskeleton do?
helps maintain cell shape,
what are perioxomes?
specialized membrane enclosed structures involved in metabolism by transferring H ions to O making hydrogen peroxide
in the liver it detoxes alcohol and other poisonous substances
What substances breaks down Hydrogen peroxide?
Catalase, HP is toxic to cells (eve though it is made by the cells
What happens when there is a lysosomal deficiency?
rare genetic diseases; mutations resulting in toxic accumulation of products in cells
examples of lysosomal diseases:
Gaucher
Fabry
Tay Sachs
What is the very first step to DNA replication?
Breaking of Hydrogen bonds by Helicase
During DNA replication, the leading strand _________?
is synthesized in one continuous segment
During DNA replication, when Polymerase comes to a guanine and then an adenine on the template strand, it adds on a _______ and _____ to the growing DNA strand
Cytosine and Thymine
Where can ribosomes be found in an animal cell? (Hint-3 places)
-Mitochondria
-Cytoplasm
-on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reiticulum
the transport of substances in vesicles happens during _____?
bulk cytosis for Endo and exo cytosis
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator does what?
transports Cloride ions OUT of a cell
2 things to know about Na/K pump are _____ & ______?
-it requires ATP
-it is a membrane protein
define cilia
Hair-like projections on the surface f lungs that help move mucus, bacteria and particulate matter out of the lungs
What ions are most important in generations action potential in nerves?
NA+ and K+, potassium and sodium
Proteins that are to be secreted by a cell ________?
Are synthesized by ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum and secreted by exocytosis
Proton pumps transport protons into the lysomsome to generate a(n) _______ environment
acidic
Active transport requires_____?
ATP
if both parents are carriers of the mutated cystic fibrosis gene, the chance of a child having CF is _____%?
25%
The SER (smooth endoplasmic reticulum):
synthesizes lipids
The RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum):
synthesizes proteins
lysomal storage diseases (like Tay Sachs and Gauchers) usually result from defects in ______?
enzymes
in a capillary bed, __________ pressure is highest in the arterial end while __________ pressure is higher in the venule end
Hydrostatic
Osmotic
What happens when RBCs are placed in a HYPOtonic solution?
they will take in water and burst
Microvilli are:
small extensions or protrusions on the surface of cells in the small intestine, increasing surface area
what organelle has 2 separate phospholipid layers?
mitochondria
What is kinesin?
a motor protein that moves vesicles down microtubules
3 parts of the cytoskeleton
Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
2 major differences between ribosomes and lysosomes
R-no membrane and synthesize proteins
L-have single membrane and degrade large molecules
What do proton pumps do?
produce an acidic environment by pumping Hydrogen ions into the lysosome
What is Phagocytosis?
When specialized white blood cells engulf bacteria, large particles and viruses to destroy them
Pinocytosis
extracellular fluids or particles are ingested
receptor cystosis
specific molecules are internalized by binding to eecpetos on the cell surface
What structure regulates what enters and leaves a cell?
cell membrane
Where are proteins made in a cell?
Only eukaryotic cells have______?
what organelle converts food into ATP energy?
some helper proteins act like passive passageways though the cell membrane for example:
channel protein
both active and passive diffusion can involve:
as a result of diffusion, the concentration of many types of substances _____?
becomes balanced on both sides of the membrane
diffusion is ____?
osmosis is a type of ____?
diffusion
molecules that are too large to be moved through the membrane are transported into a cell by
endocytosis
throwback: what is a phospholipid made up of?
Hydrophyllic head and 2 hydrophobic tails
topoisomerase
enzyme that helps breakdown DNA backbone
