Powerpoints Flashcards
What is Cell Theory?
All organisms are composed of cells, which are the basic units of life and come from pre-existing cells.
Humans have how many types of cells?
over 100
What are the three basic bacteria shapes?
spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli) and spirals
What is a stromatolite and why is it significant to biology?
Earliest evidence of life on earth, formed from photosynthetic bacteria, still found/made in australia
what is a pathogen?
disease-causing organism
Bacteria can be helpful because…?
they said in digestion, convert Nitrogen gas into form usable as fertilizer and act as decomposers
modern way of classifying organisms into 3 main types include:
Bacteria and Archae (prokaryotes) and Eurkaryotes
what is differentiation?
when cells in the womb start to specialize in structure and function
what is the simplest multicellular organism?
sponges
What are the 3 main components to a cell membrane?
phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins
What does ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate
what is pyruvate?
what glucose is broken down into before being made into ATP by the mitochondria
What is the theory of endosymbiosis?
mitochondria and chloroplasts are descended from former free-living prokaryotes taken in by endosymbiois
what is required for ATP production besides glucose?
oxygen
where do mitochindria come from?
X chromosome!
which organelle has 2 membranes?
mitochondria-the inner folded one has more surface area for ATP production
what organelles do not have membranes?
ribosomes which each have proteins and RNA to synthesize proteins
Where are ribosomes in the cell? (multiple)
free in cytoplasm, bound to the RER and in mitochondria
what is an interleukin?
substance produced by one cell to influence others
purpose of lysosome?
destroy bacteria/virus, destroy old organelles/molecules, digest engulfed food particles
define autophagy
lysosomes breaking down old, damaged organelles
Fabry disease
defect in alphagalactosidase (active ingredient in gas relief tablets) causing build up of fats that can lead to heart attack or stroke
peroxisome
specialized, membrane enclosed structures in metabolism that break down poisons (including alcohol)
cytoskeleton
maintains cell shape, important for cell motility and movement of organelles, muscle contraction etc
3 parts/types of cytoskeleton
microtubules (tubulin dimers), microfilaments (actic subunits), intermediate filaments (fibrous proteins)
Cillia
hair like projections that remove microbes and debris from lungs/getting to the lungs
What is compartmentalization?
separation of organelles for specialized function
2 sidedness in membranes is important because?
Cell-Cell recognition and ATP productions
3 types of membrane proteins
channel, transport and receptor
Cystic Fibrosis
chloride transport protein is mutated, creating easy build up of fluids around lungs
How are membrane proteins related to COVID?
COVID 19 used a certain protein to gain access to the cells. the vaccines mimic them.
Fluid mosaic model
membranes are fluid but also fragmented
why is surface area to volume an important ration for cellular biology?
sufficient surface area is needed to exchange of substances, limiting cell size.
2 examples of high surface area and what they do in the body:
microvilli: small intestine, more surface area = more room to absorb nutrients. Alveoli: increase surface area for gas exchange in the lungs
aquaporin is:
a protein in the cells that facilitates osmosis
Hydrostatic pressure
pressure from a fluid against a surface
osmotic pressure:
pressure from water to pass through the membrane
action potentials of neurons were first studied:
on the squid’s giant axon
SER:
no surface ribosomes, sythesizes lips and detoxes harmful substances
RER:
HAS surface ribosomes, synthesize/modifies/transports proteins
Phagocytosis
membrane bubble brings in particle or bacteria to be destroyed
pinocytosis
water entering the cell in a membrane bubble
