Powerpoints

Question 1

What is Cell Theory?

Answer 1

All organisms are composed of cells, which are the basic units of life and come from pre-existing cells.

Question 2

Humans have how many types of cells?

Answer 2

over 100

Question 3

What are the three basic bacteria shapes?

Answer 3

spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli) and spirals

Question 4

What is a stromatolite and why is it significant to biology?

Answer 4

Earliest evidence of life on earth, formed from photosynthetic bacteria, still found/made in australia

Question 5

what is a pathogen?

Answer 5

disease-causing organism

Question 6

Bacteria can be helpful because…?

Answer 6

they said in digestion, convert Nitrogen gas into form usable as fertilizer and act as decomposers

Question 7

modern way of classifying organisms into 3 main types include:

Answer 7

Bacteria and Archae (prokaryotes) and Eurkaryotes

Question 8

what is differentiation?

Answer 8

when cells in the womb start to specialize in structure and function

Question 9

what is the simplest multicellular organism?

Answer 9

sponges

Question 10

What are the 3 main components to a cell membrane?

Answer 10

phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins

Question 11

What does ATP stand for?

Answer 11

adenosine triphosphate

Question 12

what is pyruvate?

Answer 12

what glucose is broken down into before being made into ATP by the mitochondria

Question 13

What is the theory of endosymbiosis?

Answer 13

mitochondria and chloroplasts are descended from former free-living prokaryotes taken in by endosymbiois

Question 14

what is required for ATP production besides glucose?

Answer 14

oxygen

Question 15

where do mitochindria come from?

Answer 15

X chromosome!

Question 16

which organelle has 2 membranes?

Answer 16

mitochondria-the inner folded one has more surface area for ATP production

Question 17

what organelles do not have membranes?

Answer 17

ribosomes which each have proteins and RNA to synthesize proteins

Question 18

Where are ribosomes in the cell? (multiple)

Answer 18

free in cytoplasm, bound to the RER and in mitochondria

Question 19

what is an interleukin?

Answer 19

substance produced by one cell to influence others

Question 20

purpose of lysosome?

Answer 20

destroy bacteria/virus, destroy old organelles/molecules, digest engulfed food particles

Question 21

define autophagy

Answer 21

lysosomes breaking down old, damaged organelles

Question 22

Fabry disease

Answer 22

defect in alphagalactosidase (active ingredient in gas relief tablets) causing build up of fats that can lead to heart attack or stroke

Question 23

peroxisome

Answer 23

specialized, membrane enclosed structures in metabolism that break down poisons (including alcohol)

Question 24

cytoskeleton

Answer 24

maintains cell shape, important for cell motility and movement of organelles, muscle contraction etc

Question 25

3 parts/types of cytoskeleton

Answer 25

microtubules (tubulin dimers), microfilaments (actic subunits), intermediate filaments (fibrous proteins)

Question 26

Cillia

Answer 26

hair like projections that remove microbes and debris from lungs/getting to the lungs

Question 27

What is compartmentalization?

Answer 27

separation of organelles for specialized function

Question 28

2 sidedness in membranes is important because?

Answer 28

Cell-Cell recognition and ATP productions

Question 29

3 types of membrane proteins

Answer 29

channel, transport and receptor

Question 30

Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 30

chloride transport protein is mutated, creating easy build up of fluids around lungs

Question 31

How are membrane proteins related to COVID?

Answer 31

COVID 19 used a certain protein to gain access to the cells. the vaccines mimic them.

Question 32

Fluid mosaic model

Answer 32

membranes are fluid but also fragmented

Question 33

why is surface area to volume an important ration for cellular biology?

Answer 33

sufficient surface area is needed to exchange of substances, limiting cell size.

Question 34

2 examples of high surface area and what they do in the body:

Answer 34

microvilli: small intestine, more surface area = more room to absorb nutrients. Alveoli: increase surface area for gas exchange in the lungs

Question 35

aquaporin is:

Answer 35

a protein in the cells that facilitates osmosis

Question 36

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 36

pressure from a fluid against a surface

Question 37

osmotic pressure:

Answer 37

pressure from water to pass through the membrane

Question 38

action potentials of neurons were first studied:

Answer 38

on the squid's giant axon

Question 39

SER:

Answer 39

no surface ribosomes, sythesizes lips and detoxes harmful substances

Question 40

RER:

Answer 40

HAS surface ribosomes, synthesize/modifies/transports proteins

Question 41

Phagocytosis

Answer 41

membrane bubble brings in particle or bacteria to be destroyed

Question 42

pinocytosis

Answer 42

water entering the cell in a membrane bubble