test3- deception Flashcards
1
Q
Cesare Lombroso (1885)
A
- first person to look at blood pressure with cuff to see if someone lying
- founder of movement that criminality could be bred out of species of humans
2
Q
William Marston- pneumography
A
- Frye Criteria; advocated to have him testify with his lie detection device, ruled against (device not generally accepted in field)
- was a polygrapher; called himself father of numograph (however wasn’t actually inventor)
3
Q
what does a numograph measure?
A
-primarily blood pressure
4
Q
what does a Polygraph measure?
A
- measured many things (ANS response)
- skin conductance, heart rate, breathing rate
5
Q
what were polygraphs primarily used for until the late 80s in the US?
A
- employee testing (on hiring or some point during employment to identify theft or drug use on the job)
- now illegal
- no longer allowed in court (still used in investigation)
6
Q
common uses of polygraphs
A
- criminal investigation
- interrogation
- insurance
- employee testing (limited to specific investigations of job-related wrongdoing)
- screening (assess candidates reliability and loyalty)
- polygraph disclosure tests (uncover info about offenders past behavior)
7
Q
what is the main element that varies when giving a polygraph ?
A
how the questions are provided/ how user is questioned
8
Q
Name the three main polygraph techniques
A
- relevant/ irrelevant test
- comparison questions test (CQT)
- concealed information’s test (CIT)
9
Q
Relevant/ irrelevant polygraph test
A
- most primitive, not used much
- ask irrelevant questions and compare response to relevant questions (know ground truth of irrelevant questions so can tell when lying)
- often used on Dr. Phil
10
Q
Comparison Questions Test (polygraph)
A
- most common technique worldwide
- relevant, irrelevant, and control/comparison questions asked (repeated multiple times)
- comparison questions should be emotionally arousing and know ground truth of, usually don’t have reason to lie about, tailored to person, not about issue at hand
- includes pre-test interview where develop comparison questions, learn about background, and convince suspect of accuracy of test
- guilty assumed to respond more to relevant Qs, innocent more to irrelevant Qs
- don’t have to respond to questions but better if do
11
Q
Concealed Information Test (polygraph)
A
- determine if suspect knows info about crime that only person who committed would know
- ask multiple choice questions, give them time to pick answer (better to answer as know they are listening)
- measure ANS response (skin conductance) to correct answer
- only works if remember details of crime and if salient details only known by perpetrator
- most popular in Japan and Israel
- not used a lot b/c need many questions for accuracy, hard to come up with them as must be very familiar with case, and not a lot of motivation by polygraphers to switch to diff technique
12
Q
how are lab studies conducted to test polygraph accuracy?
A
- have people lie and tell truth and see if can tell
- advantage: experimenter knows ground truth
- disadvantage: limited application to real world (motivational differences)
13
Q
how are field studies conducted to test polygraph accuracy?
A
- involve real-life situations, actual suspects and actual polygraph examinations
- compare original examiners to blind evaluators
- see where used, if person fund to be guilty and said guilty= success (PROBLEM: conviction doesn’t necessarily mean guilt)
- could look at cases where DNA evidence said they are guilty
- many use confessions to establish ground truth
14
Q
what are two ways to establish ground truth?
A
- judicial
- confessions
* both have their own issues*
15
Q
what did CQT lab and field studies discover?
A
- results do not suggest that polygraphs are very accurate (bust still better than guessing)
- bias towards false positives (say your lying when telling the truth)
16
Q
what are some CQT countermeasures?
A
- physical: tongue biting, pressing toes to floor
- mental: counting backwards from 7
- Honts, Raskin, Kirchner (1994): showed success with both measures; something mentally taxing while answering can show success
- can also learn to escape deception if learn rationale underlying CQT
17
Q
what did CIT lab and field studies discover?
A
- false positives low, but false negatives high
- goof at identifying innocent, not as much for guilty
- Ben, Shakhar & Elaad (2003): accuracy improved with motivation, 5 or more q’s and verbal response
- in field study, if add more autonomic measures, false neg rate went down a lot and false pos increased slightly
18
Q
CIT countermeasures?
A
- ant-anxiety drugs (ex. diazepam) –> have found to be ineffective
- other measures not well studied
19
Q
which polygraph type should police be more inclined to use and why?
A
CIT b/c lower false positive rate- ppl are innocent until proven guilty, and wouldn’t accuse as many people falsely
20
Q
Patricj & lacuna (1989) ‘group contingency threat’ study
A
- in real life there are consequences for polygraphs
- got ppl to participate from corrections facility, told them there was a bonus for participating
- told to convince a person you are telling truth, if everyone succeeds, all get bonus, if you fail, no one gets and they get told it was you who failed (increases stakes)
- Results: no difference between psychopaths and those with APD, no difference between psychopaths and non
21
Q
NRC 2003- review of polygraph evidence
A
- tried to come up with recommendation regarding the polygraph
- physiological responses measured by polygraph are not uniquely related to deception (happen for many reasons)
- theoretical rationale for CQT is weak (compare and relevant questions are weak)
- lab studies overestimate accuracy
- no field studies satisfy min criteria for quality study
- claims about polygraph today are same as those throughout history (claim high accuracy but rarely reflected in research)
