Test2 Flashcards
What are the three classes of annelids?
Polychaeta: polychaete worms
Oligochaeta: earthworms
Hirundinea: leeches
What is the most abundant class of annelids?
Polychaeta: polychaete worm
What is the second most abundant class of annelids?
Oligochaeta: earthworm
How many species of polychaete worms are there?
Over 10,000
What does the name polychaete mean?
The name polychaete means many bristles (or chaeta)
What features are on the head of a polychaete?
Polychaetes have a well differentiated head that has sense organs including eyes and cirri (short tentacles), jaws (in predatory forms), or a fan for filter feeding.
What do each segment of polychaete have?
Parapodia
What functions do parapodia have?
Crawling, anchoring to the substrate, and serves as gills
What two basic life styles do polychaete have?
Sedentary- borrow into the sediment
Errant- Active hunters
How do you sedentary polychaete eat?
They are filter feeders
What are the tubes made of by polychaete?
Tubes may be made from calcium carbonate, a secreted paper-like material, or sand grains.
What does the term oligochaetes mean?
oligochaetes “few bristles”
Where do earthworms live?
Earthworms burrow in (and eat) rich, damp soil and leave their burrows at night to eat vegetation and to breed.
What significant roles do earthworms play in soil?
Aeration
Mixing
Adding organic material
What is bioturbation?
Mixing of the soil by biological activity
Where can earthworms be found?
Terrestrial soils and in freshwater
What are the excretory organs in Oligochaetas?
Nephridia- there is a pair in each segment, each of which occupies parts of two successive segments
The excretory system in oligocheats exits the body where?
an aperture called a nephridiopore
How does the excretory organs in oligocheats work
The system works by cilia drawing coelomic fluid into the nephrostome and selective reabsorbtion of salts and water occurs in the loops leaving only a dilute urine to be excreted to the outside.
How do earthworms reproduce?
Earthworms are hermaphroditic and mate by aligning their ventral surfaces together
How is sperm exchanged in earthworms?
seminal receptacle
Where are a majority of the class Hirudinea found?
Freshwater
How do leeches - of the class Hirudinea - eat?
Many leeches are carnivorous, but leeches are best known as blood-sucking ectoparasites.
How do leaches penetrate its host?
The leech penetrates its host using its jaws or proboscis and sucks blood with its powerful pharynx.
How come blood flow to continues after the leech penetrates the skin?
To ensure blood continues to flow the leech secretes a powerful anticoagulant (hirudin) in its saliva.
What does the name annelida mean
Ringed
Where are most annelids found?
Mostly marine, but also freshwater and terrestrial representatives
What features do the annelids have?
Coelomates
Protostomes
Merimatic (repeated segments)
How many opening are in the sac body plan of annelids?
1 to the gut
How many openings in annelids with a tube body plan?
2 openings to the gut
How many tissues layers do annelids have?
3 and an inner colemate
Annelids are composed of?
Segments
How are the segments in annelids divided?
Septa
What are found in each segment of annelids?
Within each segment are components of most organ systems such as the circulatory, nervous and excretory systems.
How does segmentation allow annelids to move?
Segmentation allows annelids to make more precise body movements than organisms that have a hydrostatic skeleton, but lack segmentation e.g. the nematodes
What kind of muscles do annelids have that allow them to move?
Circular and longitudinal muscles
What are setae in annelids?
short chitinous bristles called setae on each segment that enable the annelid to gain traction against the side of the burrow.
What appendages do annelids have?
Parapodia
What do long hair like setae provide annelids?
Assist with swimming
What appendage do annelids use to capture prey?
Proboscis
What to parts make up the typical head of an annelids?
Prostomiun and peristomium
The body from of annelids end with?
Pygidium connecting to the anus
If an annelid is cut in two the posterior segments can do what?
Regrow
How do annelids reproduce?
Asexually- through fission
Sexually- by copulation
How do oligocheats hold eggs?
They create a cocoon
What are the three subphylum of arthropod?
Trilobitomorpha
Chelicerata
Mandibulata
Are there any living members of Trilobitomorpha?
No
What is the Burgess Shale?
Location in the Canadian Rockies that is home to thousands of arthropod fossils from the Cambrian
What species are found in the subphylum chelicerata?
Spiders, scorpions, mites, and horseshoe crabs
What features are found in the cephalothorax of Chelicerata?
No antennae
two compound eyes
Chelicerae - used for feeding
Pedipalps – various functions
Walking legs – four pairs
What features are found in the abdomen of Chelicerata?
Typically lacks appendages
Houses many visceral organs
Respiratory structures
What species are in the class Merostomata?
Horseshoe crab
What are the body from for horseshoe crabs?
Cephalothorax is shaped like a horse’s hoof
Dorsal exoskeleton is called a carapace
Two large lateral
compound eyes and
two medial ocelli
How many pairs of book gills do horseshoe crabs have?
5
What is the tail portion of a horseshoe crab called?
Telson
What is the stomach shape of Merostomata?
J-shape
What is the feeding habits of Merostomata?
Omnivorous. They eat mollusks, worms, and algae.
What is the nervous system of Merostomata?
CNS
Large brain
Two longitudinal nerve cords
Five pairs of segmental ganglia
that serve book gills
What kind of eyes do horseshoe crabs have?
4 different types:
Lateral compound eyes to detect movement
Median eyes
Endpoint eyes
Ventral eyes
How do horseshoe crabs reproduce?
Sexually, fertilization external.
Mate in spring and summer
Influenced by lunar cycles
What is the name of horseshoe crab larvae?
Trilobite larvae
What organisms are in Arachnida?
Spiders, scorpions, and mites
How are arachnids equipped for terrestrial life?
Waxy epicuticle
- Book gills transformed into book lungs for breathing air
- Malpighian tubules
What interesting features do arachnids have?
Silk and poison glands
What is the body from of arachnids?
Cephalothorax
Abdomen
Chelicerae
Pedipalps
4 pairs of walking legs
What are pedipalps?
have many functions, and may have gnathobases
In arachnids, what are the chelicerae attached to?
Fangs and poison glands
What do arachnids eat?
Mostly carnivorous, but some are ectoparasites
How do arachnids digest food?
Externally
How do arachnids breath?
Through book lungs
What is the class pycnogonida?
Sea spiders
What are the common names of organisms in Arthropoda?
Horseshoe crabs, crustaceans, arachnids, insects, and millipedes
What are the two major taxa in arthopods?
Chelicerata and Mandibulata
What is the proper name of segmentation in Arthropoda?
Metamerism
What is the proper name of individual segments in Arthropoda?
Somites
In a majority of Arthropoda, what are the three segments (insects)?
Head, thorax, abdomen
What is cephalization?
Head possesses Concentration of ganglia (brain) Concentration of sensory structures Eyes and antennae Mouth, feeding appendages, and legs (in those with a cephalothorax)
What are the appendages of arthropod called?
Segmented with articulation
The body wall of Arthropoda is called what?
Cuticle made of chiton
What secrets the exoskeleton in Arthropoda?
The epidermis
What do exoskeletons provide arthropods?
Provides protection Provides support Prevents water loss Prevents gas exchange Gills are NOW needed Limits growth
What hormone regulates molting?
Ecdysone
What is molting?
Process of shedding the exoskeleton
What it The technical term of molting?
Ecdysis
What does an animal do before ecdysis?
Old cuticle detatches
New cuticle begins to form
Protein fluid forms between cuticles
Old exoskeleton ingested for calcium
Is molting/ecdysis dangerous?
Leaves animal vulnerable
Typically burrow
Molting related death common
What occurs after molting?
Animal takes up water or air, and swells as a result
May ingest old cuticle to reclaim calcium
Excess water or air is eliminated
Animal now has room for growth
Exoskeleton hardens
Arthropods have small muscles that are specialized in what?
Flexors and extensors
What mechanisms do arthropods use for locomotion?
Walking, swimming and flying
What kind of circulatory system do arthropods have?
Open circulatory system
What type of blood do insects have?
Hemolymph
What type of blood do crustaceans have?
Hemocyanin
How does blood flow in arthropods (generalized)?
Generalized blood flow
Oxygenated blood leaves heart via arteries
Travels to sinuses (spaces) where tissues and organs are bathed in blood
Deoxygenated & waste laden blood travels to respiratory structures and gas exchange occurs
Blood reenters heart
What is the primary excretory organ in terrestrial arthropods?
Malpighian tubules
What waste product do arthropods create?
Uric acid
How are nitrogenous wastes eliminated from arthropods?
Feces
How does respiration occur in aquatic arthropods?
Gills and book gills
How does respiration occur in terrestrial arthropods?
Tracheae (like in insects)
Tubular invaginations that branch and lead directly to cells, not to the hemal system
Spiracle diameter regulated by a sphincter
Opening / closing of spiracles is useful for ventilation and reducing water loss
What three segments are in the arthropod digestive tract?
Foregut: salivary glands and enzymes
Midgut: digestion and absorption
Hindgut: water and salt retention
What comprises the CNS of arthopods?
Brain and ventral nerve cord
What comprises the PNS of arthopods?
Segmental nerves connecting to muscle and sensory organs
What type of eyes do arthropods have?
Compound eyes: each lens creates an image and the adjacent ommatidia overlap creating a blurry image
Where does fertilization occur in terrestrial arthropods?
Internally
How do arthropods reproduce?
Most copulate and there is often selectivity on the part of the female
What is the super class of mandibulata?
Hexapoda: six legs, insects, etc
What does flight allow for?
Dispersal
Predator escape
Access to food/optimum habitat
What have insects coevolved with?
Flowering plants
What is the body form of insects?
Head, thorax, abdomen
What structures are found in the head of insects?
Two compound eyes Three unpaired ocelli (simple eye) One pair of antennae Mouth with complex mouthparts (mandibles)
What does mandibulata mean?
Has mandibles
How many pairs of legs do insects have?
3:fore legs, middle legs, hind legs
How many segments do insects have in their abdomens?
9-11
What feature is found in the abdomen of female insects?
Ovipositor
What feature is found in the abdomen of male insects?
Claspers
What is an odd case of insect reproduction in a type of fly?
Females have penis and males have vagina
What are wings composed often insects?
Wings composed of two sheets of epidermis covered with cuticle
What are the thickened areas in the wings of insects comprised of?
Veins that offer support, house trachea, nerves, and blood
In insects, what wings or a primitive trait?
Permanently outstretched wings
What has the evolution of wing folding allowed insects?
The evolution of wing folding has allowed insects to exploit microhabitats where outstretched wings would be a handicap
In insects, where are the flight muscles found?
Thorax
Why are insects butterflyers than any bird of prey?
Can turn in the distance of one body length
Can fly upside down
What do sucking mouth parts consume.
Nectar and fruit juices through a long proboscis
When a mosquito pierces you with their proboscis, why do you typically not feel it?
Has a salivary channel and a food channel
Proteins in saliva produce itching associated with mosquito bites
How do insects reproduce?
Sexual intercourse with internal fertilization
What comprises the female reproductive system in insects?
Two ovaries produce eggs with a waterproof capsule
Two oviducts converge and empty into a vagina
Oviduct opens on segment 8
Tubular ovipositor for depositing eggs in appropriate substratum (i.e. soil, wood, plant, animal, etc.)
What comprises the male reproductive system in insects?
Two testes with sperm ducts
Accessory glands
Ejaculatory duct
Penis is extensible / retractable
Everts through gonopore on segment 9
Releases spermatophore or sperm
What are the three main stages of insects?
Egg, juvenile, adult
What is the main role of the juvenile in insects?
To feed and grow
What is the main role of adult and insects?
The main role is dispersal and reproduction
What do plants provide insects in their coevolution?
Food and shelter
What do you insects provide plants in there co evolution
Pollination
What are the primary insect polyllinators
Bees, wasps, butterflies and moths
What is the lifecycle of the human botfly?
Captures a mosquito or biting fly
Deposits eggs on the captured fly and releases it
Recently infect insect bites a human or other animal
Egg falls into (and grub develops) in wound
Crawls out of wound, then develops into pupa
What are pheromones use for an insect communication?
Attracting potential mates Marking territories and trails Locating and removing dead individuals from colony Defense Warning conspecifics of danger Locating food
How is sound produced by insects?
Stridulation is produced by wings and leg files
Other types of sound produced by wing beating, forcing air from tracheae, etc.
What are four types of social insects?
Termites, bees, wasps, ants
What order do dragonflies fall into?
Odonata
What insects are in the order Orthoptera?
Grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids
What insects are in the order Coleoptera?
Beatles
What insects are in the Order Hymenoptera?
Ants, wasps, bees
What insects are in the order Lepidoptera?
Butterflies and moths
What does echoniderm mean?
Spiny skin
What symmetry do echinoderms have?
Pentamerous symmetry
What vascular system do echinoderms have?
Water vascular system
What kind of skeletons do echinoderms have?
Possess an exo/endoskeleton
Composed of calcareous plates
Called ossicles
What are the ossicles in echinoderms compound of?
Calcium
The ossicles of echinoderms can form what shapes?
Plates, rods, and cones
What is the body plan for echinoderms?
Central disc, arms, everything else
What is the top surface of a starfish called?
Aboral
What is the bottom surface of a starfish called?
Oral
Where is the anus located on a starfish?
Aboral surface
What is the water vascular system of starfish?
System of internal coelomic canals with two purposes
Hydraulic control of tube feet and Circulation of fluid
What is the water vascular system of echinoderms composed of?
Madreporite, ring canal, radio canals or lateral canals
What is the Madreporite?
Dorsal “port” that allows water to enter ring canal
Important for maintaining fluid volume, as tube feet are “leaky”
What is the root canal?
Ring-tube structure that feeds water to tube feet via Radial canals
What are the Radial canals/Lateral canals?
RC: Long tube running down arm
LC: tubes that feed tube feet
What are the tube feet on starfish responsible for?
Often have suckers
Attach by force generated suction, or by secreting substances similar to those produced by duo-glands
Sites for gas exchange
What are Pedicellariae?
Movable compound ossicles
How do Pedicellariae protect the echinoderms?
Defend organism against settling larvae and other small animals
Do echinoderms have gills??
No, gas exchange occurs by osmosis through the tube feet.
How does papilas assist in gas exchange in echinoderms?
Outgrowths on dorsal (aboral) surface that resemble tube feet without suckers
What is the nervous system found in echinoderms?
Nerve Ring
Radial Nerves
Peripheral nerves
What sensory structures are found in the nervous system of echinoderms?
Sensory tube feet at distal tips of arms
Sensory cells in epidermis
Eye spots on end of each arm
What are the components of the digestive system and starfish?
Mouth Short esophagus Cardiac stomach Pyloric stomach Anus
How do starfish digest food?
Externally.
- Cardiac stomach is everted
- Digestive enzymes secreted by stomach and pyloric ceca
- Partially digested animal or chyme is brought into animal by retracting stomach
- Absorption in pyloric ceca
- Nutrients distributed by coelomic fluid or hemolymph
How do starfish excrete waste?
Ammonia diffuses across tube feet and papulae
How do starfish accomplish Osmo regulation?
Osmoconformers, and therefore they are isotonic to sea water
How do starfish reproduce?
Fission
Fragmentation
Regenerate readily
During sexual reproduction, where is fertilization accomplished in starfish?
Gametes are shed to sea water, therefore, external fertilization
What is the subclass Asteroidea in starfish?
Common starfish
What is the subclass Ophiuroidea in starfish?
Brittle star. They are the most diverse group of echinoderms g
What are the most agile of starfish?
Ophiuroidea
What class do you see urchins and sand dollars belong to?
Echinoidea
What is the body form of Echinoidea?
Spherical or flattened bodies (test)
Lack arms but have moveable spines
Ten radial sections that converge at
the oral and aboral poles
Test has pores/holes for tube feet to stick out through
What do you see urchins eat?
Eat algae, plant, and animal material
What organisms are in the class Holothuroidea?
. Sea cucumbers
Arthropoda
jointed footed
Arthropoda characteristics
Epidermis produces a segmented, jointed, and hardened chitinous exoskeleton, with intrinsic musculature between individual joints of appendages
Nematoda
Thread
Nematoda characteristics
Paired sensory organs on head and an opening to the outside through a small pore
Tardigrada
Slow walker
Tardigrada characteristics
Mouthparts include oral stylets for piercing plant/animal tissues
Gastrotricha
Stomach hair
Gastrotricha characteristics
Bilaterally symmetrical/vermiform, body contains no internal cavity, body covered in a cuticle bearing numerous scales, spines or hooks
Bryozoa
Moss animals
Bryozoa characteristics
Bilaterally symmetrical/vermiform, body contains no internal cavity, body covered in a cuticle bearing numerous scales, spines or hooks
Chaetognatha
Bristle jaws
Chaetognatha characteristics
Bilaterally symmetrical, body cavity a true coelom, possesses a U-shaped gut with an anus, body enclosed in a calcareous box or tube
Echinodermata
Spine skin
Echinodermata characteristics
Flexible feeding and locomotory appendages (tube feet), 5-pointed (pentamerous) radial symmetry in adults, calcereous ossicles
Chordata
String
Chordata characteristics
Nerve cord is dorsal and hollow, body is supported in at least some stage of development by a stiff rod (the notochord), the body ends with a tail extending beyond the anus
