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Invertebrate Zoology > Test2 > Flashcards

Test2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three classes of annelids?

A

Polychaeta: polychaete worms
Oligochaeta: earthworms
Hirundinea: leeches

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2
Q

What is the most abundant class of annelids?

A

Polychaeta: polychaete worm

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3
Q

What is the second most abundant class of annelids?

A

Oligochaeta: earthworm

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4
Q

How many species of polychaete worms are there?

A

Over 10,000

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5
Q

What does the name polychaete mean?

A

The name polychaete means many bristles (or chaeta)

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6
Q

What features are on the head of a polychaete?

A

Polychaetes have a well differentiated head that has sense organs including eyes and cirri (short tentacles), jaws (in predatory forms), or a fan for filter feeding.

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7
Q

What do each segment of polychaete have?

A

Parapodia

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8
Q

What functions do parapodia have?

A

Crawling, anchoring to the substrate, and serves as gills

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9
Q

What two basic life styles do polychaete have?

A

Sedentary- borrow into the sediment

Errant- Active hunters

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10
Q

How do you sedentary polychaete eat?

A

They are filter feeders

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11
Q

What are the tubes made of by polychaete?

A

Tubes may be made from calcium carbonate, a secreted paper-like material, or sand grains.

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12
Q

What does the term oligochaetes mean?

A

oligochaetes “few bristles”

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13
Q

Where do earthworms live?

A

Earthworms burrow in (and eat) rich, damp soil and leave their burrows at night to eat vegetation and to breed.

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14
Q

What significant roles do earthworms play in soil?

A

Aeration

Mixing

Adding organic material

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15
Q

What is bioturbation?

A

Mixing of the soil by biological activity

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16
Q

Where can earthworms be found?

A

Terrestrial soils and in freshwater

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17
Q

What are the excretory organs in Oligochaetas?

A

Nephridia- there is a pair in each segment, each of which occupies parts of two successive segments

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18
Q

The excretory system in oligocheats exits the body where?

A

an aperture called a nephridiopore

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19
Q

How does the excretory organs in oligocheats work

A

The system works by cilia drawing coelomic fluid into the nephrostome and selective reabsorbtion of salts and water occurs in the loops leaving only a dilute urine to be excreted to the outside.

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20
Q

How do earthworms reproduce?

A

Earthworms are hermaphroditic and mate by aligning their ventral surfaces together

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21
Q

How is sperm exchanged in earthworms?

A

seminal receptacle

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22
Q

Where are a majority of the class Hirudinea found?

A

Freshwater

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23
Q

How do leeches - of the class Hirudinea - eat?

A

Many leeches are carnivorous, but leeches are best known as blood-sucking ectoparasites.

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24
Q

How do leaches penetrate its host?

A

The leech penetrates its host using its jaws or proboscis and sucks blood with its powerful pharynx.

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25
Q

How come blood flow to continues after the leech penetrates the skin?

A

To ensure blood continues to flow the leech secretes a powerful anticoagulant (hirudin) in its saliva.

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26
Q

What does the name annelida mean

A

Ringed

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27
Q

Where are most annelids found?

A

Mostly marine, but also freshwater and terrestrial representatives

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28
Q

What features do the annelids have?

A

Coelomates

Protostomes

Merimatic (repeated segments)

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29
Q

How many opening are in the sac body plan of annelids?

A

1 to the gut

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30
Q

How many openings in annelids with a tube body plan?

A

2 openings to the gut

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31
Q

How many tissues layers do annelids have?

A

3 and an inner colemate

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32
Q

Annelids are composed of?

A

Segments

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33
Q

How are the segments in annelids divided?

A

Septa

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34
Q

What are found in each segment of annelids?

A

Within each segment are components of most organ systems such as the circulatory, nervous and excretory systems.

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35
Q

How does segmentation allow annelids to move?

A

Segmentation allows annelids to make more precise body movements than organisms that have a hydrostatic skeleton, but lack segmentation e.g. the nematodes

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36
Q

What kind of muscles do annelids have that allow them to move?

A

Circular and longitudinal muscles

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37
Q

What are setae in annelids?

A

short chitinous bristles called setae on each segment that enable the annelid to gain traction against the side of the burrow.

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38
Q

What appendages do annelids have?

A

Parapodia

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39
Q

What do long hair like setae provide annelids?

A

Assist with swimming

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40
Q

What appendage do annelids use to capture prey?

A

Proboscis

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41
Q

What to parts make up the typical head of an annelids?

A

Prostomiun and peristomium

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42
Q

The body from of annelids end with?

A

Pygidium connecting to the anus

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43
Q

If an annelid is cut in two the posterior segments can do what?

A

Regrow

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44
Q

How do annelids reproduce?

A

Asexually- through fission

Sexually- by copulation

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45
Q

How do oligocheats hold eggs?

A

They create a cocoon

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46
Q

What are the three subphylum of arthropod?

A

Trilobitomorpha

Chelicerata

Mandibulata

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47
Q

Are there any living members of Trilobitomorpha?

A

No

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48
Q

What is the Burgess Shale?

A

Location in the Canadian Rockies that is home to thousands of arthropod fossils from the Cambrian

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49
Q

What species are found in the subphylum chelicerata?

A

Spiders, scorpions, mites, and horseshoe crabs

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50
Q

What features are found in the cephalothorax of Chelicerata?

A

No antennae
two compound eyes

Chelicerae - used for feeding
Pedipalps – various functions
Walking legs – four pairs

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51
Q

What features are found in the abdomen of Chelicerata?

A

Typically lacks appendages
Houses many visceral organs
Respiratory structures

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52
Q

What species are in the class Merostomata?

A

Horseshoe crab

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53
Q

What are the body from for horseshoe crabs?

A

Cephalothorax is shaped like a horse’s hoof
Dorsal exoskeleton is called a carapace

Two large lateral
compound eyes and
two medial ocelli

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54
Q

How many pairs of book gills do horseshoe crabs have?

A

5

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55
Q

What is the tail portion of a horseshoe crab called?

A

Telson

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56
Q

What is the stomach shape of Merostomata?

A

J-shape

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57
Q

What is the feeding habits of Merostomata?

A

Omnivorous. They eat mollusks, worms, and algae.

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58
Q

What is the nervous system of Merostomata?

A

CNS

Large brain

Two longitudinal nerve cords

Five pairs of segmental ganglia
that serve book gills

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59
Q

What kind of eyes do horseshoe crabs have?

A

4 different types:

Lateral compound eyes to detect movement

Median eyes

Endpoint eyes

Ventral eyes

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60
Q

How do horseshoe crabs reproduce?

A

Sexually, fertilization external.

Mate in spring and summer

Influenced by lunar cycles

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61
Q

What is the name of horseshoe crab larvae?

A

Trilobite larvae

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62
Q

What organisms are in Arachnida?

A

Spiders, scorpions, and mites

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63
Q

How are arachnids equipped for terrestrial life?

A

Waxy epicuticle

  • Book gills transformed into book lungs for breathing air
  • Malpighian tubules
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64
Q

What interesting features do arachnids have?

A

Silk and poison glands

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65
Q

What is the body from of arachnids?

A

Cephalothorax

Abdomen

Chelicerae

Pedipalps

4 pairs of walking legs

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66
Q

What are pedipalps?

A

have many functions, and may have gnathobases

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67
Q

In arachnids, what are the chelicerae attached to?

A

Fangs and poison glands

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68
Q

What do arachnids eat?

A

Mostly carnivorous, but some are ectoparasites

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69
Q

How do arachnids digest food?

A

Externally

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70
Q

How do arachnids breath?

A

Through book lungs

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71
Q

What is the class pycnogonida?

A

Sea spiders

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72
Q

What are the common names of organisms in Arthropoda?

A

Horseshoe crabs, crustaceans, arachnids, insects, and millipedes

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73
Q

What are the two major taxa in arthopods?

A

Chelicerata and Mandibulata

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74
Q

What is the proper name of segmentation in Arthropoda?

A

Metamerism

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75
Q

What is the proper name of individual segments in Arthropoda?

A

Somites

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76
Q

In a majority of Arthropoda, what are the three segments (insects)?

A

Head, thorax, abdomen

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77
Q

What is cephalization?

A 
Head possesses
Concentration of ganglia (brain)
Concentration of sensory structures
Eyes and antennae
Mouth, feeding appendages, and legs (in those with a cephalothorax)
78
Q

What are the appendages of arthropod called?

A

Segmented with articulation

79
Q

The body wall of Arthropoda is called what?

A

Cuticle made of chiton

80
Q

What secrets the exoskeleton in Arthropoda?

A

The epidermis

81
Q

What do exoskeletons provide arthropods?

A 
Provides protection
Provides support
Prevents water loss
Prevents gas exchange
Gills are NOW needed
Limits growth
82
Q

What hormone regulates molting?

A

Ecdysone

83
Q

What is molting?

A

Process of shedding the exoskeleton

84
Q

What it The technical term of molting?

A

Ecdysis

85
Q

What does an animal do before ecdysis?

A

Old cuticle detatches

New cuticle begins to form

Protein fluid forms between cuticles

Old exoskeleton ingested for calcium

86
Q

Is molting/ecdysis dangerous?

A

Leaves animal vulnerable

Typically burrow

Molting related death common

87
Q

What occurs after molting?

A

Animal takes up water or air, and swells as a result
May ingest old cuticle to reclaim calcium
Excess water or air is eliminated
Animal now has room for growth
Exoskeleton hardens

88
Q

Arthropods have small muscles that are specialized in what?

A

Flexors and extensors

89
Q

What mechanisms do arthropods use for locomotion?

A

Walking, swimming and flying

90
Q

What kind of circulatory system do arthropods have?

A

Open circulatory system

91
Q

What type of blood do insects have?

A

Hemolymph

92
Q

What type of blood do crustaceans have?

A

Hemocyanin

93
Q

How does blood flow in arthropods (generalized)?

A

Generalized blood flow
Oxygenated blood leaves heart via arteries

Travels to sinuses (spaces) where tissues and organs are bathed in blood

Deoxygenated & waste laden blood travels to respiratory structures and gas exchange occurs

Blood reenters heart

94
Q

What is the primary excretory organ in terrestrial arthropods?

A

Malpighian tubules

95
Q

What waste product do arthropods create?

A

Uric acid

96
Q

How are nitrogenous wastes eliminated from arthropods?

A

Feces

97
Q

How does respiration occur in aquatic arthropods?

A

Gills and book gills

98
Q

How does respiration occur in terrestrial arthropods?

A

Tracheae (like in insects)
Tubular invaginations that branch and lead directly to cells, not to the hemal system
Spiracle diameter regulated by a sphincter
Opening / closing of spiracles is useful for ventilation and reducing water loss

99
Q

What three segments are in the arthropod digestive tract?

A

Foregut: salivary glands and enzymes

Midgut: digestion and absorption

Hindgut: water and salt retention

100
Q

What comprises the CNS of arthopods?

A

Brain and ventral nerve cord

101
Q

What comprises the PNS of arthopods?

A

Segmental nerves connecting to muscle and sensory organs

102
Q

What type of eyes do arthropods have?

A

Compound eyes: each lens creates an image and the adjacent ommatidia overlap creating a blurry image

103
Q

Where does fertilization occur in terrestrial arthropods?

A

Internally

104
Q

How do arthropods reproduce?

A

Most copulate and there is often selectivity on the part of the female

105
Q

What is the super class of mandibulata?

A

Hexapoda: six legs, insects, etc

106
Q

What does flight allow for?

A

Dispersal
Predator escape
Access to food/optimum habitat

107
Q

What have insects coevolved with?

A

Flowering plants

108
Q

What is the body form of insects?

A

Head, thorax, abdomen

109
Q

What structures are found in the head of insects?

A 
Two compound eyes
  Three unpaired ocelli (simple eye)
  One pair of antennae
  Mouth with complex mouthparts
  (mandibles)
110
Q

What does mandibulata mean?

A

Has mandibles

111
Q

How many pairs of legs do insects have?

A

3:fore legs, middle legs, hind legs

112
Q

How many segments do insects have in their abdomens?

A

9-11

113
Q

What feature is found in the abdomen of female insects?

A

Ovipositor

114
Q

What feature is found in the abdomen of male insects?

A

Claspers

115
Q

What is an odd case of insect reproduction in a type of fly?

A

Females have penis and males have vagina

116
Q

What are wings composed often insects?

A

Wings composed of two sheets of epidermis covered with cuticle

117
Q

What are the thickened areas in the wings of insects comprised of?

A

Veins that offer support, house trachea, nerves, and blood

118
Q

In insects, what wings or a primitive trait?

A

Permanently outstretched wings

119
Q

What has the evolution of wing folding allowed insects?

A

The evolution of wing folding has allowed insects to exploit microhabitats where outstretched wings would be a handicap

120
Q

In insects, where are the flight muscles found?

A

Thorax

121
Q

Why are insects butterflyers than any bird of prey?

A

Can turn in the distance of one body length

Can fly upside down

122
Q

What do sucking mouth parts consume.

A

Nectar and fruit juices through a long proboscis

123
Q

When a mosquito pierces you with their proboscis, why do you typically not feel it?

A

Has a salivary channel and a food channel

Proteins in saliva produce itching associated with mosquito bites

124
Q

How do insects reproduce?

A

Sexual intercourse with internal fertilization

125
Q

What comprises the female reproductive system in insects?

A

Two ovaries produce eggs with a waterproof capsule
Two oviducts converge and empty into a vagina
Oviduct opens on segment 8
Tubular ovipositor for depositing eggs in appropriate substratum (i.e. soil, wood, plant, animal, etc.)

126
Q

What comprises the male reproductive system in insects?

A

Two testes with sperm ducts

Accessory glands

Ejaculatory duct

Penis is extensible / retractable
Everts through gonopore on segment 9
Releases spermatophore or sperm

127
Q

What are the three main stages of insects?

A

Egg, juvenile, adult

128
Q

What is the main role of the juvenile in insects?

A

To feed and grow

129
Q

What is the main role of adult and insects?

A

The main role is dispersal and reproduction

130
Q

What do plants provide insects in their coevolution?

A

Food and shelter

131
Q

What do you insects provide plants in there co evolution

A

Pollination

132
Q

What are the primary insect polyllinators

A

Bees, wasps, butterflies and moths

133
Q

What is the lifecycle of the human botfly?

A

Captures a mosquito or biting fly
Deposits eggs on the captured fly and releases it
Recently infect insect bites a human or other animal
Egg falls into (and grub develops) in wound
Crawls out of wound, then develops into pupa

134
Q

What are pheromones use for an insect communication?

A 
Attracting potential mates
Marking territories and  trails
Locating and removing dead individuals from colony
Defense
Warning conspecifics of danger
Locating food
135
Q

How is sound produced by insects?

A

Stridulation is produced by wings and leg files

Other types of sound produced by wing beating, forcing air from tracheae, etc.

136
Q

What are four types of social insects?

A

Termites, bees, wasps, ants

137
Q

What order do dragonflies fall into?

A

Odonata

138
Q

What insects are in the order Orthoptera?

A

Grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids

139
Q

What insects are in the order Coleoptera?

A

Beatles

140
Q

What insects are in the Order Hymenoptera?

A

Ants, wasps, bees

141
Q

What insects are in the order Lepidoptera?

A

Butterflies and moths

142
Q

What does echoniderm mean?

A

Spiny skin

143
Q

What symmetry do echinoderms have?

A

Pentamerous symmetry

144
Q

What vascular system do echinoderms have?

A

Water vascular system

145
Q

What kind of skeletons do echinoderms have?

A

Possess an exo/endoskeleton
Composed of calcareous plates
Called ossicles

146
Q

What are the ossicles in echinoderms compound of?

A

Calcium

147
Q

The ossicles of echinoderms can form what shapes?

A

Plates, rods, and cones

148
Q

What is the body plan for echinoderms?

A

Central disc, arms, everything else

149
Q

What is the top surface of a starfish called?

A

Aboral

150
Q

What is the bottom surface of a starfish called?

A

Oral

151
Q

Where is the anus located on a starfish?

A

Aboral surface

152
Q

What is the water vascular system of starfish?

A

System of internal coelomic canals with two purposes

Hydraulic control of tube feet and Circulation of fluid

153
Q

What is the water vascular system of echinoderms composed of?

A

Madreporite, ring canal, radio canals or lateral canals

154
Q

What is the Madreporite?

A

Dorsal “port” that allows water to enter ring canal

Important for maintaining fluid volume, as tube feet are “leaky”

155
Q

What is the root canal?

A

Ring-tube structure that feeds water to tube feet via Radial canals

156
Q

What are the Radial canals/Lateral canals?

A

RC: Long tube running down arm
LC: tubes that feed tube feet

157
Q

What are the tube feet on starfish responsible for?

A

Often have suckers
Attach by force generated suction, or by secreting substances similar to those produced by duo-glands
Sites for gas exchange

158
Q

What are Pedicellariae?

A

Movable compound ossicles

159
Q

How do Pedicellariae protect the echinoderms?

A

Defend organism against settling larvae and other small animals

160
Q

Do echinoderms have gills??

A

No, gas exchange occurs by osmosis through the tube feet.

161
Q

How does papilas assist in gas exchange in echinoderms?

A

Outgrowths on dorsal (aboral) surface that resemble tube feet without suckers

162
Q

What is the nervous system found in echinoderms?

A

Nerve Ring
Radial Nerves
Peripheral nerves

163
Q

What sensory structures are found in the nervous system of echinoderms?

A

Sensory tube feet at distal tips of arms
Sensory cells in epidermis
Eye spots on end of each arm

164
Q

What are the components of the digestive system and starfish?

A 
Mouth
Short esophagus
Cardiac stomach
Pyloric stomach
Anus
165
Q

How do starfish digest food?

A

Externally.

  • Cardiac stomach is everted
  • Digestive enzymes secreted by stomach and pyloric ceca
  • Partially digested animal or chyme is brought into animal by retracting stomach
  • Absorption in pyloric ceca
  • Nutrients distributed by coelomic fluid or hemolymph
166
Q

How do starfish excrete waste?

A

Ammonia diffuses across tube feet and papulae

167
Q

How do starfish accomplish Osmo regulation?

A

Osmoconformers, and therefore they are isotonic to sea water

168
Q

How do starfish reproduce?

A

Fission
Fragmentation
Regenerate readily

169
Q

During sexual reproduction, where is fertilization accomplished in starfish?

A

Gametes are shed to sea water, therefore, external fertilization

170
Q

What is the subclass Asteroidea in starfish?

A

Common starfish

171
Q

What is the subclass Ophiuroidea in starfish?

A

Brittle star. They are the most diverse group of echinoderms g

172
Q

What are the most agile of starfish?

A

Ophiuroidea

173
Q

What class do you see urchins and sand dollars belong to?

A

Echinoidea

174
Q

What is the body form of Echinoidea?

A

Spherical or flattened bodies (test)

Lack arms but have moveable spines

Ten radial sections that converge at
the oral and aboral poles

Test has pores/holes for tube feet to stick out through

175
Q

What do you see urchins eat?

A

Eat algae, plant, and animal material

176
Q

What organisms are in the class Holothuroidea?

A

. Sea cucumbers

177
Q

Arthropoda

A

jointed footed

178
Q

Arthropoda characteristics

A

Epidermis produces a segmented, jointed, and hardened chitinous exoskeleton, with intrinsic musculature between individual joints of appendages

179
Q

Nematoda

A

Thread

180
Q

Nematoda characteristics

A

Paired sensory organs on head and an opening to the outside through a small pore

181
Q

Tardigrada

A

Slow walker

182
Q

Tardigrada characteristics

A

Mouthparts include oral stylets for piercing plant/animal tissues

183
Q

Gastrotricha

A

Stomach hair

184
Q

Gastrotricha characteristics

A

Bilaterally symmetrical/vermiform, body contains no internal cavity, body covered in a cuticle bearing numerous scales, spines or hooks

185
Q

Bryozoa

A

Moss animals

186
Q

Bryozoa characteristics

A

Bilaterally symmetrical/vermiform, body contains no internal cavity, body covered in a cuticle bearing numerous scales, spines or hooks

187
Q

Chaetognatha

A

Bristle jaws

188
Q

Chaetognatha characteristics

A

Bilaterally symmetrical, body cavity a true coelom, possesses a U-shaped gut with an anus, body enclosed in a calcareous box or tube

189
Q

Echinodermata

A

Spine skin

190
Q

Echinodermata characteristics

A

Flexible feeding and locomotory appendages (tube feet), 5-pointed (pentamerous) radial symmetry in adults, calcereous ossicles

191
Q

Chordata

A

String

192
Q

Chordata characteristics

A

Nerve cord is dorsal and hollow, body is supported in at least some stage of development by a stiff rod (the notochord), the body ends with a tail extending beyond the anus

Invertebrate Zoology (2 decks)

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