Test1:Review Flashcards
What is known as the physiologic status of prepuberty?
premenarche
Name the muscle group in the lateral side wall of the pelvis
iliacus muscle
Which ligaments contain blood vessels and nerves?
broad ligaments
Which ligament occupies space in the layer of another ligament?
round ligaments
What is the size of a normal menarche uterus and a post menopausal uterus?
normal:8cm×4cm
post menopause:6cm-4cm
What structure lies above the utero-ovarian ligament, round ligament, and tubal ovarian vessels?
fallopian tubes
Where is estrogen secreted from, and what does it do?
Estrogen is secreted by follicles(the theca interna and granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle)
Estrogen stimulates the development of female reproductive structures and promotes the growth of endometrial tissue during proliferative phase
Where is progesterone secreted from, and what does it do?
Progesterone is secreted by the corpus luteum.
Progesterone helps prepare and maintain the endometrium for arrival and implantation of an embryo.
What supplies blood to the ovaries, vagina, uterus, and where do the drain?
Blood is supplied to the uterus and vagina by the uterine artery.
The ovaries receive blood from the branches of the uterine artery and from the ovarian arteries.
Ovarian veins: right vein drains into the IVC directly, left vein drains into the left renal vein
What arteries shed during menses?
Blood from the spiral arteries is shed during menses.
What are the portions of the fallopian tube?
Infundibulum(contains the fimbriae at the ends)-lateral segment
Ampulla-middle segment
Isthmus-medial segment
Interstitial portion-segment that passes through the uterine cornua
How thick should the endometrium be in post menopausal women?
Endometrium should not be more than 5mm.
What is the name of a mature follicle?
Graafian follicle-typically measures 2cm right before ovulation.
What is a gartners cyst?
small cyst within the vagina
What is a nabothian cyst?
benign tiny cyst within the cervix
What is the phase associated with the three line sign?
proliferative phase
What is the rectouterine space also known as?
pouch of Douglas
What is the retropubic space between the bladder and uterus known as?
space of Retzius
What is an abnormally heavy or long period known as?
menorrhagia
What are the ligaments that support the cervix?
The cervix is fixed in position by the cardinal and uterosacral ligaments.
What is PI, RI, and S/D?
How are they calculated?
S/D ratio (or A/B ratio)
(A=peak systolic and B=end diastolic)
RI(resistive index)=A-B/A
PI(pulsatility index)=A-B/mean
low-resistance flow(RI<0.4) has been found in patients with endometrial carcinoma
high-resistance flow(RI>0.5) in normal or benign endometria
if pulsatility index is used, the cutoff is 1
What is the procedure known as that uses saline and a transvaginal transducer?
sonohysterography (also known as saline infused sonography-or hysterosonography)
what are the disinfectants used for probes?
glutaraldehyde (most disinfectants are now nonglutaraldehyde based-Cidex OPA)
What does the bladder do for us in ultrasound?
It acts as an acoustic window
Most common site for a fibroid to occur
intramural(confined to the myometrium)
Name all the different types of fibroids
leiomyomas:
submucosal(displacing or distorting the endometrial cavity with subsequent irregular or heavy menstrual bleeding)
intramural(confined to the myometrium, the most common type)
subserosal(projecting from the peritoneal surface of the uterus)
sometimes subserosal leiomyomas become pedunculated
What is hydormetra?
it is an obstruction of the uterus and/or vagina characterized by an accumulation of fluid
What is adenomyosis?
it is a benign growth of the endometrium that may cause heavy, painful menstrual bleeding
What are uterine AVMs?
uterine arteriovenous malformations-consist of a vascular plexus of arteries and veins without an intervening capillary network
D&C can not be done on because they could hemorrhage and bleed out
How do you measure endometrium?
In sagittal view:
anterior and posterior layers are measured
What is the percentage of postmenopausal women that will end up with endometrial carcinoma?
10%
What are the risks of taking Tamoxifen?
reported to cause growth in leiomyomas
effect on uterus include:
epithelial metaplasia, hyperplasia, carcinoma
What is the vaginal cuff?
Its what is left after a hysterectomy
usually no bigger than 2cm
What is PCOS?
polycystic ovarian syndrome
an endocrine disorder associated with chronic ovulation
includes Stein-Leventhal syndrome(infertility, oligomenorrhea, hirsutism, obesity)
What are the stages of ovarian cancer?
Stage 1: limited to the ovary
Stage 2: spread beyond capsule but still within the pelvis
Stage 3: spread into abdomen
Stage 4: spread beyond abdomen
What is a common benign tumor of the ovary?
dermoid cyst
What are the differentials for a cyst adjacent to the ovary but not ovarian?
pedunculated fibroid
dermoid
fibroma
thecoma
granulosa cell tumor
Brenner tumor
metastasis
What is endometriosis?
condition that occurs when functioning endometrial tissue is found outside the uterus
What is an endometrioma?
localized tumor of endometriosis
most often found in the ovary, cul-de-sac, rectovaginal septum, and peritoneal surface of the posterior wall of the uterus
What is partial or complete torsion of the ovary?
ovarian torsion
What is a disorder that causes chronic anovulation?
PCOS(polycystic ovarian syndrome)
What is PID and what are the risk factors?
PID-pelvic inflammatory disease
risk factors: early sexual contact, multiple sexual partners, history of sexually transmitted disease, previous history of PID, use of ICUDs, douching
What is a pelvic infection that has perihepatic inflammation?
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome
How many couples are affected by infertility every year?
1 in 3 couples
What is an enlarged ovary with multiple cysts known as?
OHSS-ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
What is the percentage of multiples in IVF?
about 30% result in multiples
What are increased risks for using fertility treatments?
ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome:could result in leg edema, ascites, pleural effusions, hypotension, polycythemia
multiple gestations:3 or more increases risk of fetal or neonatal morbidity and mortality
ectopic pregnancy:also at risk for a heterotopic pregnancy
