Test1:Review

Question 1

What is known as the physiologic status of prepuberty?

Answer 1

premenarche

Question 2

Name the muscle group in the lateral side wall of the pelvis

Answer 2

iliacus muscle

Question 3

Which ligaments contain blood vessels and nerves?

Answer 3

broad ligaments

Question 4

Which ligament occupies space in the layer of another ligament?

Answer 4

round ligaments

Question 5

What is the size of a normal menarche uterus and a post menopausal uterus?

Answer 5

normal:8cm×4cm

post menopause:6cm-4cm

Question 6

What structure lies above the utero-ovarian ligament, round ligament, and tubal ovarian vessels?

Answer 6

fallopian tubes

Question 7

Where is estrogen secreted from, and what does it do?

Answer 7

Estrogen is secreted by follicles(the theca interna and granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle)

Estrogen stimulates the development of female reproductive structures and promotes the growth of endometrial tissue during proliferative phase

Question 8

Where is progesterone secreted from, and what does it do?

Answer 8

Progesterone is secreted by the corpus luteum.

Progesterone helps prepare and maintain the endometrium for arrival and implantation of an embryo.

Question 9

What supplies blood to the ovaries, vagina, uterus, and where do the drain?

Answer 9

Blood is supplied to the uterus and vagina by the uterine artery.

The ovaries receive blood from the branches of the uterine artery and from the ovarian arteries.

Ovarian veins: right vein drains into the IVC directly, left vein drains into the left renal vein

Question 10

What arteries shed during menses?

Answer 10

Blood from the spiral arteries is shed during menses.

Question 11

What are the portions of the fallopian tube?

Answer 11

Infundibulum(contains the fimbriae at the ends)-lateral segment

Ampulla-middle segment

Isthmus-medial segment

Interstitial portion-segment that passes through the uterine cornua

Question 12

How thick should the endometrium be in post menopausal women?

Answer 12

Endometrium should not be more than 5mm.

Question 13

What is the name of a mature follicle?

Answer 13

Graafian follicle-typically measures 2cm right before ovulation.

Question 14

What is a gartners cyst?

Answer 14

small cyst within the vagina

Question 15

What is a nabothian cyst?

Answer 15

benign tiny cyst within the cervix

Question 16

What is the phase associated with the three line sign?

Answer 16

proliferative phase

Question 17

What is the rectouterine space also known as?

Answer 17

pouch of Douglas

Question 18

What is the retropubic space between the bladder and uterus known as?

Answer 18

space of Retzius

Question 19

What is an abnormally heavy or long period known as?

Answer 19

menorrhagia

Question 20

What are the ligaments that support the cervix?

Answer 20

The cervix is fixed in position by the cardinal and uterosacral ligaments.

Question 21

What is PI, RI, and S/D?

How are they calculated?

Answer 21

S/D ratio (or A/B ratio)

(A=peak systolic and B=end diastolic)

RI(resistive index)=A-B/A

PI(pulsatility index)=A-B/mean

low-resistance flow(RI<0.4) has been found in patients with endometrial carcinoma

high-resistance flow(RI>0.5) in normal or benign endometria

if pulsatility index is used, the cutoff is 1

Question 22

What is the procedure known as that uses saline and a transvaginal transducer?

Answer 22

sonohysterography (also known as saline infused sonography-or hysterosonography)

Question 23

what are the disinfectants used for probes?

Answer 23

glutaraldehyde (most disinfectants are now nonglutaraldehyde based-Cidex OPA)

Question 24

What does the bladder do for us in ultrasound?

Answer 24

It acts as an acoustic window

Question 25

Most common site for a fibroid to occur

Answer 25

intramural(confined to the myometrium)

Question 26

Name all the different types of fibroids

Answer 26

leiomyomas: submucosal(displacing or distorting the endometrial cavity with subsequent irregular or heavy menstrual bleeding) intramural(confined to the myometrium, the most common type) subserosal(projecting from the peritoneal surface of the uterus) sometimes subserosal leiomyomas become pedunculated

Question 27

What is hydormetra?

Answer 27

it is an obstruction of the uterus and/or vagina characterized by an accumulation of fluid

Question 28

What is adenomyosis?

Answer 28

it is a benign growth of the endometrium that may cause heavy, painful menstrual bleeding

Question 29

What are uterine AVMs?

Answer 29

uterine arteriovenous malformations-consist of a vascular plexus of arteries and veins without an intervening capillary network D&C can not be done on because they could hemorrhage and bleed out

Question 30

How do you measure endometrium?

Answer 30

In sagittal view: anterior and posterior layers are measured

Question 31

What is the percentage of postmenopausal women that will end up with endometrial carcinoma?

Answer 31

10%

Question 32

What are the risks of taking Tamoxifen?

Answer 32

reported to cause growth in leiomyomas effect on uterus include: epithelial metaplasia, hyperplasia, carcinoma

Question 33

What is the vaginal cuff?

Answer 33

Its what is left after a hysterectomy usually no bigger than 2cm

Question 34

What is PCOS? polycystic ovarian syndrome

Answer 34

an endocrine disorder associated with chronic ovulation includes Stein-Leventhal syndrome(infertility, oligomenorrhea, hirsutism, obesity)

Question 35

What are the stages of ovarian cancer?

Answer 35

Stage 1: limited to the ovary Stage 2: spread beyond capsule but still within the pelvis Stage 3: spread into abdomen Stage 4: spread beyond abdomen

Question 36

What is a common benign tumor of the ovary?

Answer 36

dermoid cyst

Question 37

What are the differentials for a cyst adjacent to the ovary but not ovarian?

Answer 37

pedunculated fibroid dermoid fibroma thecoma granulosa cell tumor Brenner tumor metastasis

Question 38

What is endometriosis?

Answer 38

condition that occurs when functioning endometrial tissue is found outside the uterus

Question 39

What is an endometrioma?

Answer 39

localized tumor of endometriosis most often found in the ovary, cul-de-sac, rectovaginal septum, and peritoneal surface of the posterior wall of the uterus

Question 40

What is partial or complete torsion of the ovary?

Answer 40

ovarian torsion

Question 41

What is a disorder that causes chronic anovulation?

Answer 41

PCOS(polycystic ovarian syndrome)

Question 42

What is PID and what are the risk factors?

Answer 42

PID-pelvic inflammatory disease risk factors: early sexual contact, multiple sexual partners, history of sexually transmitted disease, previous history of PID, use of ICUDs, douching

Question 43

What is a pelvic infection that has perihepatic inflammation?

Answer 43

Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome

Question 44

How many couples are affected by infertility every year?

Answer 44

1 in 3 couples

Question 45

What is an enlarged ovary with multiple cysts known as?

Answer 45

OHSS-ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

Question 46

What is the percentage of multiples in IVF?

Answer 46

about 30% result in multiples

Question 47

What are increased risks for using fertility treatments?

Answer 47

ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome:could result in leg edema, ascites, pleural effusions, hypotension, polycythemia multiple gestations:3 or more increases risk of fetal or neonatal morbidity and mortality ectopic pregnancy:also at risk for a heterotopic pregnancy