Key Terms: Test1 Flashcards
external genitalia
also known as the vulva or the pudenum
consists of the mons pubis, labia minora, clitoris, urethral opening, and vestibule of the vagina
false pelvis
part of the pelvic cavity above the pelvic brim
False pelvis communicates with the abdominal cavity superiorily and with the pelvic cavity inferiorily
true pelvis
also known as the lesser or minor pelvis
cavity of the true pelvis is continuous at the pelvic brim with the cavity of the major pelvis
pelvic cavity
posterior wall formed by sacrum and coccyx
margins of the posterolateral wall-formed by the piriforms and coccygeus muscles
anterolateral walls-formed by hip bones and obturator internus muscles
lower margin-formed by levator ani and coccygeus muscles
coccygeus muscles
muscles that form the floor of the pelvis
iliacus muscles
paired muscles that form the lateral wall of the pelvis
ilipectineal line
bony ridge of the inner surface of the ilium and pubic bones
divides the true pelvis and the false pelvis
levator ani
pair of muscles that form the floor of the pelvis
obtuator internus muscle
triangular sheets of muscle that arise from the anterolateral pelvic wall and surround the obturator foramen
piriformis muscle
flat, triangular muscles that arise from the anterior sacrum and pass through the greater sciatic notch on the posterior aspect of the greater trochanter of the femur
psoas major muscle
originate at the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae and descend inferiorly through the false pelvis on the pelvic sidewalls
striations
parallel longitudinal lines seen in muscle tissue
appear as hyperechoic parallel lines running in the long axis of the hypoechoic muscle tissue
anteverted
position of the uterus
fundus is tipped slightly forward
most common
anteflexed
position of uterus
the fundus bends forward toward the cervix
broad ligament
broad fold of peritoneum draped over the fallopian tubes, uterus, and ovaries
contain the uterine blood vessels and nerves
cardinal ligament
wide bands of fibromuscular tissue arising from the lateral aspects of the cervix and inserting along the lateral pelvic floor
estrogen
hormone secreted by the theca interna and granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle that stimulates the development of female reproductive structures
promotes the growth of endometrial tissue during proliferative phase
mesosalpinx
upper portion of the broad ligament that covers the fallopian tubes
ovarian ligament
extends from the inferior and/or medial pole of the ovary to the uterine cornua
ovum
female egg released from the ovary during ovulation
perimetrium
serous membrane covering the uterus
progesterone
hormone produced by the corpus luteum that helps prepare and maintain the endometrium for arrival and implantation of an embryo
rectouterine pouch
area in the pelvic cavity between the rectum and the uterus that is likely to accumulate free fluid
also known as the pouch of Douglas
retroflexed
position of the uterus
fundus bends posteriorly upon the cervix
retroverted
position of the uterus
entire uterus is tipped posteriorly so that the angle formed between the cervix and the vaginal canal is greater than 90o
round ligament
originate at the uterine cornua
holds uterus forward in its anteverted position
space of retzius
between the anterior bladder wall and the pubic symphysis
contains extraperitoneal fat
suspensory ligament
extend from the infundibulum of the fallopian tube and the lateral aspect of the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall
uterosacral ligament
posterior part of the cardinal ligament that extends from the cervix to the sacrum
vesicouterine pouch
area in the pelvic cavity between the urinary bladder and the uterus
corpus luteum
yellow body formed from the Graafian follicle after ovulation that produces estrogen and progesterone
amenorhhea
absense of menstruation
dysmenorrhea
pain with menstruation
FSH-follicle stimulating hormone
hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the growth and maturation of graafian follicles in the ovary
gonadotropin
hormonal substance that stimulates the function of the testes and the ovaries
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
secreted by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone by the anterior pituitary gland
luteinizing hormone
secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
It stimulates ovulation and induces lutenization of the ruptured follicle to form corpus luteum
menarche
generally happens between 11 and 13 yrs of age
marks the beginning of menstruation
menopause
cessation of menstruation
menses
flow of blood and cellular debris that occurs during menstruation
menorrhagia
abnormally heavy or long menstrual periods
oligomenorrhea
abnormally light menstrual periods
premenarche
time in young girls before they begin menstruating
(physiologic status of prepuberty-the time before the onset of menses)
adenexa
structure or tissue next to or near another related structure
coronal plane
refers to a horizontal plane through the longitudinal axis of the body to image structures from anterior to posterior
endometrium
inner lining of the uterine cavity
appears echogenic to hypoechoic on ultrasound , depending on the menstrual cycle
introitis
opening or entrance into a canal or cavity
(ex. vagina)
myometrium
middle layer of the uterine cavity
appears very homogenous on ultrasound
parity
number of live births
translabial
across, or through, the labia
transperineal
across, or through, the perineum
cornu
any hornlike projection
refers to the fundus of the uterus, where the fallopian tube arises
arcuate vessels
small vessels found along the periphery of the uterus
internal os
inner surface of the cervical os
pourcelot resistive index
a doppler measurement that takes the highest systolic peak minus the highest diastolic peak divided by the highest systolic peak
proliferative phase early
days 5-9 of the menstrual cycle
endometrium appears as a single thin stripe with a hypoechoic halo encompassing it
creates the three-line sign
proliferative phase late
days 10-14 of menstrual cycle
endometrium increases in thickness and echogenicity
pulsatility index
doppler measurement that uses peak systole minus peak diastole divided by the mean
secretory phase
days 15-28 of menstrual cycle
endometrium is at its greatest thickness and echogenicity, with posterior enhancement
sonohysterography
catheter filled with saline solution or contrast medium to fill the endometrial cavity to look for abnormalities in the cavity or uterine tubes
S/D ratio
the difference between peak systole and end diastole
cervical polyp
hyperplastic protrusion of the epithelium of the cervix
may be broad-based or pedunculated
cervical stenosis
acquired condition with obstruction of the cervical canal
dysmenorrhea
pain associated with menstruation
ectocervix
portion of the canal of the uterine cervix that is lined with squamous epithelium
ectopic pregnancy
pregnancy that occurs outside the uterine cavity
gartner’s duct cyst
small cyst within the vagina
nabothian cysts
benign tiny cysts within the cervix
squamous cell carcinoma
most common type of cervical cancer
adenomyosis
benign invasive growth of the endometrium that may cause heavy, painful menstrual bleeding
curettage
scraping with a curet to remove the contents of the uterus
metrorrhea
irregular, acyclic bleeding
intramural fibroid
most common type of leiomyoma
deforms the myometrium
submucosal fibroid
type of leiomyoma found to deform the endometrial cavity and cause heavy or irregular menses
subserosal fibroid
type of leiomyoma that may become pedunculated and appear as an extrauterine mass
endometrial carcinoma
malignancy characterized by abnormal thickening of the endometrial cavity
ususall associated with irregular bleeding perimenopausal and postmenopausal women
endometrial hyperplasia
benign condition that results from estrogen stimulation to the endometrium without the influence of progestin
frequent cause of bleeding
endometrial polyp
pedunculated or sessile well-defined mass attached to the endometrial cavity
endometriosis
condition that occurs when functioning endometrial tissue is found outside the uterus
hematometra
obstruction of the uterus and/or vagina characterized by an accumulation of blood
hydormetra
obstruction of the uterus and/or vagina characterized by an accumulation of fluid
pyometra
obstruction of the uterus and/or vagina characterized by an accumulation of pus
tamoxifen
an antiestrogen drug used in treating some breast carcinomas
reported to cause growth in leiomyomas
androgen
substance that stimulates the development of male characteristics
(testosterone and androsterone)
the ovaries will synthesize some of these and convert them to estrogens
cystadenocarcinoma
malignant tumor that forms cysts
cystadenoma
benign adenoma containing cysts
corpus luteum cyst
small endocrine structure that develops within a ruptured ovarian follicle and secretes progesterone and estrogen to prevent menses if fertilization occurs
dermoid tumor
benign tumor composed of hair, muscle, teeth, and fat
follicular cyst
benign cyst within the ovary that may occur and disappear on a cyclic basis
functional cyst
cyst that results from the normal function of the ovary
meigs syndrome
benign tumor of the ovary
It is associated with ascites and pleural effusion
mucinous cystadenoma
benign tumor of the ovary
it contains thin-walled multiocular cysts
mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
malignant tumor of the ovary
it contains multiocular cysts
ovarian carcinoma
malignant tumor of the ovary
it may spread beyond the ovary and metastasize to other organs via the peritoneal channels
ovarian torsion
the partial or complete twisting of the ovarian pedicle on its axis
paraovarian cyst
account for about 10% of adnexal masses
polycystic ovarian syndrome
endocrine disorder associated with chronic anovulation
(ovaries do not release an egg)
serous cystadenoma
2nd most common benign tumor of the ovary
usually unilateral and smaller than mucinous cysts
serous cystadenocarcinoma
makes up 60-80% of all ovarian carcinomas
smaller than mucinous cysts and may spread to the lymph nodes
theca-lutein cyst
largest of the functional cysts
appear as very large, bilateral multioculated cystic masses
associated with high HCG levels and hyperstimulation of the ovaries
chlamydia trachomatis
organism that causes a great variety of diseases
including genital infections in men and women
endometrioma
localized tumor of endometriosis
most often found in the ovary, cul-de-sac, rectovaginal septum, and peritoneal surface of the posterior wall of the uterus
endometritis
infection of the endometrium of the uterus
hydrosalpinx
fluid in the fallopian tube
pyosalpinx
pus within the inflamed fallopian tube
myometritis
infection of the myometrium
oophoritis
infection of the ovary
parametritis
infection of the uterine serosa and broad ligaments
salpingitis
infection of the fallopian tubes
tubal ovarian abcess
infection of the fallopian tube and the ovary
embryo transfer
procedure done after IVF
the fertilized ova are injected into the uterus through the cervix
ZIFT
(zygote intrafallopian transfer)
a type of IVF
the fertilized eggs are transferred 24hrs later into the fallopian tubes
GIFT
(gamete intrafallopian transfer)
sperm and egg are mixed together and then inserted into the fallopian tubes
IVF
(in vitro fertilization)
type of fertilization done outside the body
sperm and ova are fertilized in a dish and then transferred to the uterus 3-5 days later
OHSS
(ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome)
enlarged ovaries with multiple cysts
usually seen in patients who have undergone ovulation induction
intrauterine insemination
semen is introduced into the vagina by mechanical or instrumental means instead of through sexual intercourse
ovulation induction therapy
controlled ovarian stimulation with chlomid or gonadotropins
Iuds-types
can cause PID
Transvaginal
observing inside the body through the vagina
probe disinfecting
transducer should be wiped clean with disinfectant
then soaked in another disinfectant (most are now nonglutaraldehyde based-Cidex OPA) for 10-20min
then rinsed with water
vaginal cuff
what is seen in hysterectomy patients after surgery
usually no bigger than 2cm
PID
(pelvic inflammatory disease)
term that includes all pelvic infections such as:
endometritis, salpingitis, hydrosalpinx, pyosalpinx, tubo ovarian abscess)
germ cell ovarian cancer
derived from the primitive germ cells of the embryonic gonad
dysgerminoma, embryonal cell carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, transdermal sinus tumor
pedunculated fibroids
fibroid that hangs by a stalk
dextroverted/detroflexed
the entire uterus tilts to the right
endometrial polyps
pedunculated or sessile well defined mass attached to the endometrial cavity
uterine hyperplasia
abnormal thickening of the endometrial lining of the uterus
D & C
procedure to remove tissue from the inside of the uterus
didelphys uterus
uterine anomally consisting of 2 uterus, 2 cervix, 2 vaginas
bicornate uterus
uterine anomally consisting of 2 uterus, 1 cervix, 1 vagina
septate uterus
two endometrial cavities without a fundal notch
T-shaped uterus
uterine anomally caused by the exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero
% of American couples who are infertile
Infertility affects approx 1 in 3 couples
segments of fallopian tubes
infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus
interstitial portion
mullarien ducts
pair of ducts that give rise to the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper part of vagina
anomalies cause didelphys uterus, bicornate uterus, septate uterus
three line sign
seen on ultrasound during the proliferative phase
(functional and basal layers)
functional layer
part of the three line sign seen during the proliferative phase
basal layer
part of the three line sign seen during the proliferative phase
ovarian cycle
follicular phase
follicle is released
luteal phase
