Test1

Question 1

Modernity and Sociology

Answer 1

• Sociology has never just existed in science and history, it has roots and has evolved overtime
• It has inherited and evolved as a science through the spirit of the modern era
• also has links to economics

Question 2

Nature of Science

Answer 2

Causality: Underlying reasons
Generality: universality of scientific truth, the truth is always the truth
Verifiability: confirmed by tests

Question 3

Division of labor

Answer 3

mechanical solidarity (people are similar and are one in the same), every time someone in this society committed something wrong, everyone was punished, In modern society, everyone has a voice and is entitled to their thoughts and opinions, Despite your opinions, you will not be an outcast. There is freedom

Question 4

Spencer’s organic analogy (Body Social)

Answer 4

Spencer believed a society evolved from organisms, (ameba’s) growing up in to more complicated things like the human body. It has grown, with different institutions playing different roles; our heart does something, liver and kidneys do something, everything plays an important role in the functioning society and keeping the body alive; military, college and university, religion.

Question 5

St. Simon’s theory of social evolution

Answer 5

Comte’s teacher, 3 stages of social evolution and ancient societies based on supernatural beliefs, medieval societies, and our modern society that is based on science: applies how all of these correlates with the evolution of social sciences.

Question 6

Religion

Answer 6

totalistic in nature; most religions have a symbol that they hail to; a cross, etc. It does not matter what it is made, it is something that they believe in. They celebrate in groups as it brings them closer together. This does not have to be excluded to religions, people come together for many different occasions to celebrate something that they are passionate about. Concerts, Thanksgiving, 4th of July. Faith is not individual, it is collective. 1. Collectiveness 2. Totality and Faith 3. Effervescence.

Question 7

Durkheim’s “social fact”

Answer 7

Social facts are collective ways of doing things; why do we do the things that we do? Was it inherited to us? How do you prepare your food? Did your parents teach you this, or did you learn by watching others? Why do you wear a certain style of clothes? Is it popular in your culture? External to the individual: it is not coming from inside of you, you have inherited a way of doing things from what you have learned from a society you are present in. Why might Italians speak loudly in the presence of their home?

Question 8

Forms of knowledge

Answer 8

• Ideology: Based on principles or beliefs ex. politics what is based on reality vs. what is not reality.
• Religion: Based on faith. You can’t question faith
• Logic/metaphysics: based on reason and rules of calculation. Not in reference to real life things. Based on mathematics.
• Science: based on reason and evidence. Combines logic with reason. About cause and effect.

Question 9

What is theory

Answer 9

-Principles or propositions: A series of statements or propositions of general validity explaining a class of phenomenon
o	Generalization (true for all such cases across time and space)
-Analytical models:
o	Explanation (often cause and effect)

Question 10

Forms of Theory

Answer 10

• Deductive/ Inductive
• Rational/empiricist
• Pure/applied science

Question 11

Sociological theory (different than natural sciences)

Answer 11

• Systematic and formalized explanations of the social reality
• Based on empirical knowledge and logical explanation
• Limited generalizability
• More than one way of looking at something

Question 12

Revolutionary Context of Early Sociology

Answer 12

-Intellectual:
o	Enlightenment: decline of the supernatural and the rise of reason
o	Individualism and natural rights
-Political:
o	Democracy freedom and citizenship
-Economic
o	Industrialism wage and labor (Using technology to mass produce things)
o	Commerce and free market

Question 13

Positive philosophy

Answer 13

-Social development and evolution of knowledge
o Theological: Entire ancient world belief and supernatural things
o Metaphysical: based on science and logic
o Scientific: based on science mathematical evaluation

Question 14

Positivism

Answer 14

All phenomena subject to natural laws

Question 15

Empiricism

Answer 15

Science must be based on evidence

Question 16

Sociological Methods

Answer 16

-Observation
o	Study of social facts rather than speculation
-Experimentation
o	Less common but suitable for comparing pathological cases with normal ones
-Comparison
o	Of elements of social structure
-Historical analysis
o	Comparison over time

Question 17

Sociology as the queen of sciences

Answer 17

-Biology and other basic sciences advance the knowledge of natural laws
-Social laws are far more complicated because of the human element
o Understanding of society requires maturity of scientific methods
o Thus sociology is the most advanced and youngest of the sciences
o In the human would you can never make a 100% accurate prediction
o It’s hard to understand and predict society which is hard

Question 18

Moral Philosophy of Society

Answer 18

Humans have moral reasoning unlike all other animals

Question 19

Mechanical Solidarity

Answer 19

• Collectivist society that values unity and traditions
• Strong collective consciousness
• Direct membership and ties to the group
• Repressive law prevail over restrictive laws

Question 20

Organic Solidarity

Answer 20

• Individualistic society that values diversity
• Weak collective consciousness
• Generalized culture and intermediary groups
• Restrictive laws prevail over repressive laws

Question 21

Social Change

Answer 21

• Changes in population and moral density (intensity of social exchanges)
• Social differentiation
• Changes in the collective conscience and manifested in laws

Question 22

Social causes for suicide

Answer 22

• Regulation of individual behavior is necessary for a society
• Excessive social integration (solidarity) and regulation (control) influence suicide rates

Question 23

Types of suicide

Answer 23

• Egoistic (low integration)
• Altruistic (high integration)
• Anomic (low regulation)
• Fatalistic (high regulation)
• How do different types of social forces result in suicide?