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Pharmacology 1 > Test1 > Flashcards

Test1 Flashcards

0
Q

T1/2 time required for amount of drug in the body to decline by 50%

A

Drug half life

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1
Q

Large initial doses used rapidly to achieve a therapeutic level

A

Loading doses

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2
Q

Point at which the amount of drug eliminated between doses equals the amount of drug administered

A

Steady state

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3
Q

During steady state what happens to the average drug concentration?

A

It remains constant

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4
Q

How many half lives until the steady state it reached?

A

4

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5
Q

IV given at 0800 on monday with a 24 hour half life. What is the steady state?

A

Friday 0800

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6
Q

Space between the MEC and toxic concentration

A

Therapeutic range

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7
Q

The plasma level below which therapeutic effects

A

Minimum effective concentration

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8
Q

The plasma level where toxicity begins

A

Toxic concentratiom

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9
Q

The smaller therapeutic index the —– the drug

A

More dangerous

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10
Q

Tell enzymes to metabolize drug faster

A

Enzyme inducer

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11
Q

Stop the breakdown of other drug

A

Enzyme inhibitor

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13
Q

Increase levels of object drug

A

Enzyme inhibitor

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13
Q

Removal of drug from the body

A

Excretion

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14
Q

Number one method if excretion

A

Renal

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15
Q

Decrease levels of object drug

A

Enzyme inducer

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16
Q

The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the molecular mechanisms by which those effects are produced

A

Pharmacodynamics

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17
Q

The largest effect a drug can produce

A

Maximal efficacy

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18
Q

Refers to the amount of drug needed to elicit an effect

A

Relative potency

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19
Q

Crank until you can’t crank no more

A

Sealing effect

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20
Q

Any functional macromolecule in a cell to which a drug binds to produce its effects

A

Receptor

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21
Q

Molecules which activate receptors

A

Agonist

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22
Q

Molecules which prevents receptor activation by endogenous regulatory molecules

A

Antagonist

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23
Q

What is also known as an antagonist?

A

A blocker

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24
Q

Can act as both an antagonist and agonist

A

Partial agonist

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25
Q

What are the 2 rules for receptors?

A

1) all they can do is mimic/block to the body’s own process

2) cannot give new functions

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26
Q

Decrease number of receptors because receptors go away because of constant use

A

Receptor down regulation(desensitization)

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27
Q

Increase number of receptors

A

Receptor up regulation

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28
Q

Effective dose in 50% of population

A

ED50

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29
Q

Lethal dose in 50% of population

A

LD50 (study in animals)

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30
Q

any chemical agent that affects the processes of living

A

Drug

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31
Q

the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems

A

pharmacology

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32
Q

use of drugs in the treatment and prevention of disease or conditions

A

pharmacotherapy

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33
Q

provide maximum benefit with minimum harm

A

therapeutic objective

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34
Q

the study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs

A

pharmacokinetics

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35
Q

what are the 9 characteristics of the ideal drug?

A 
effective MOST IMPORTANT
safety
selective-perfect drug is 100% effective
reversibility
predictable
easily administered
void of drug interactions
inexpensive
chemically stable
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36
Q

every patient is unique

A

individual variation

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37
Q

new drugs undergo testing for toxicity reviewed by FDA

A

The Food and Drug Cosmetic Act

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38
Q

1st legislation to regulate drug safety

A

The Food and Drug Cosmetic Act

39
Q

drugs with potential abuse must be tightly regulated

A

Controlled Substances Act

40
Q

How is the scheduling of controlled substances controlled?

A

I-worse; no medicinal value and greatest potential for abuse (heroine, meth)
II-medicinal abuse and greatest potential for abuse (dilaudid, percocet, ritalin, morphine)
III-
IV-
V-cough syrup, steroids

41
Q

the most reliable way to evaluate all new drugs

A

randomized controlled trial RCT

features controlled binding, and randomization

42
Q

what are the 3 ways to move your drug

A

channels and pores
active transport
direct penetration of membrane

43
Q

what is the most common way to move your drug?

A

direct penetration of membrane

44
Q

what characteristics will absorb and pass through?

A

nonpolar
nonionized
lipophilic
minimal protein bound

45
Q

what characteristics will not absorb and pass through?

A

polar
ionized
hydrophilic
maximal protein bound

46
Q

an acid in acid is

A

nonionized

47
Q

the effects of the body on the drug

A

pharmacokinetics

48
Q

the effects of the drug on the body

A

pharmacodynamics

49
Q

larger surface area

A

greater the Absorption

50
Q

are trade vs. generic drugs created equal?

A

yes within 5%

51
Q

drugs move from ___ concentrations to ___ concentrations

A

high to low

52
Q

advantages of enteral medications

A

reversible
easy
safe
inexpensive

53
Q

disadvantages of enteral medication

A 
GI toxicity
variable absorption (not as predictable as IV)
first pass affect (liver wipe out)
54
Q

advantages of parenteral medication

A

precise control
no barriers to absorption
emergencies large volume

55
Q

disadvantages of parenteral medication

A

infection
irreversible
embolism
fluid overload

56
Q

the movement of drugs throughout the body (from the blood to the tissues)

A

volume distribution

57
Q

what characteristics have a high volume of distribution?

A

nonpolar
nonionized
lipophilic
minimal protein bound

58
Q

acceleration of renal excretion is a major part of

A

metabolism/biotransfusion

59
Q

what is the most important function of the liver?

A

acceleration of renal excretion (metabolism)

60
Q

the study of biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs on the body

A

pharmacodynamics

61
Q

removal of drug from the body

A

excretion

62
Q

ways of excretion

A 
RENAL
-glomerular filtration
-passive reabsorption
-active transport
and non renal
63
Q

any noxious, unintended, and undesired effect that occurs at a normal drug dose

A

Adverse Drug Reactions ADR

64
Q

where are ADRs most common

A

elderly >60 (50%) of ADR

very young

65
Q

the more _____the more ADRs

A

drugs

66
Q

what is the 4th leading cause of death?

A

ADR

67
Q

unavoidable secondary drug effect produces at therapeutic doses

A

side effect

NSAIDS>ulcers

68
Q

any severe ADR regardless of the dose

A

toxicity

69
Q

immune response

A

allergic reaction

mild rash>anaphylactic reaction>skin peel off

70
Q

uncommon drug response resulting from genetic predisposition

A

idiosyncratic effect

71
Q

disease produced by drugs (our fault)

A

Iatrogenic Disease

72
Q

drugs cause cancer

A

carcinogenic effect

73
Q

drug induced drug effect

A

teratogenic

74
Q

FDA Medical Products Reporting Program for ADR stage 4 clinical trials

A

Medwatch

75
Q

with ADRs what do you think first?

A

think DRUG first

76
Q

any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm, while the medication is in the control of the health care professional, patient, or consumer

A

Med Errors

77
Q

Fatal Errors

A 
#1 reason overdose
#2 wrong drug
#3 wrong route
78
Q

report it! even near misses

A

!!

79
Q

decrease responsiveness to drug as a result of repeated drug administration

A

tolerance

80
Q

pt. requires increase drug levels to produce effects that could formerly be produced at decreased drug levels

A

pharmacodynamic tolerance

81
Q

what happens during pharmacodynamic tolerance?

A

MEC goes up

82
Q

due to accelerated drug metabolism

A

metabolic tolerance (MEC doesn’t rise)

83
Q

reduction in responsiveness brought on by repeated dosing over a short period of time

A

tachyphylaxis

84
Q

the component of the drug response that is caused by physiologic factors and not by the biochemical or physical properties of the drug

A

placebo effect

85
Q

pts. feel like they are getting better

A

positive placebo effect

86
Q

pts. are negative

A

negative placebo effect

87
Q

a major cause of altered cause of altered drug response are alterations in genes that code for drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug targets

A

genetics

88
Q

provide ______ treatment for the mother while avoiding ___ to the fetus

A

effective; harm

89
Q

what kind of drug do you want to give to a mother so that it won’t get to the baby?

A

polar ionized, hydrolipophilic, max. protein bound

90
Q

When are medications the most dangerous to take?

A

1st trimester; 3-8 weeks; embryonic period

91
Q

when would birth defects take place?

A

2nd trimester

92
Q

what rated drug would be ok to take during pregnancy?

A

A

93
Q

what rated drug would you not want to take while pregnant?

A

X

94
Q

When breast feeding when do you want to take a drug?

A

right after feeding and we want drugs with a short half life

95
Q

generally responsible for enhanced drugs in the very young

A

organ system immaturity

96
Q

what kind of meds should we be careful with with infants?

A

creams-doesn’t take much

Pharmacology 1 (3 decks)

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