Test1 Flashcards
0
Q
T1/2 time required for amount of drug in the body to decline by 50%
A
Drug half life
1
Q
Large initial doses used rapidly to achieve a therapeutic level
A
Loading doses
2
Q
Point at which the amount of drug eliminated between doses equals the amount of drug administered
A
Steady state
3
Q
During steady state what happens to the average drug concentration?
A
It remains constant
4
Q
How many half lives until the steady state it reached?
A
4
5
Q
IV given at 0800 on monday with a 24 hour half life. What is the steady state?
A
Friday 0800
6
Q
Space between the MEC and toxic concentration
A
Therapeutic range
7
Q
The plasma level below which therapeutic effects
A
Minimum effective concentration
8
Q
The plasma level where toxicity begins
A
Toxic concentratiom
9
Q
The smaller therapeutic index the —– the drug
A
More dangerous
10
Q
Tell enzymes to metabolize drug faster
A
Enzyme inducer
11
Q
Stop the breakdown of other drug
A
Enzyme inhibitor
13
Q
Increase levels of object drug
A
Enzyme inhibitor
13
Q
Removal of drug from the body
A
Excretion
14
Q
Number one method if excretion
A
Renal
15
Q
Decrease levels of object drug
A
Enzyme inducer
16
Q
The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the molecular mechanisms by which those effects are produced
A
Pharmacodynamics
17
Q
The largest effect a drug can produce
A
Maximal efficacy
18
Q
Refers to the amount of drug needed to elicit an effect
A
Relative potency
19
Q
Crank until you can’t crank no more
A
Sealing effect
20
Q
Any functional macromolecule in a cell to which a drug binds to produce its effects
A
Receptor
21
Q
Molecules which activate receptors
A
Agonist
22
Q
Molecules which prevents receptor activation by endogenous regulatory molecules
A
Antagonist
23
Q
What is also known as an antagonist?
A
A blocker
24
Can act as both an antagonist and agonist
Partial agonist
25
What are the 2 rules for receptors?
1) all they can do is mimic/block to the body's own process
| 2) cannot give new functions
26
Decrease number of receptors because receptors go away because of constant use
Receptor down regulation(desensitization)
27
Increase number of receptors
Receptor up regulation
28
Effective dose in 50% of population
ED50
29
Lethal dose in 50% of population
LD50 (study in animals)
30
any chemical agent that affects the processes of living
Drug
31
the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems
pharmacology
32
use of drugs in the treatment and prevention of disease or conditions
pharmacotherapy
33
provide maximum benefit with minimum harm
therapeutic objective
34
the study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs
pharmacokinetics
35
what are the 9 characteristics of the ideal drug?
```
effective MOST IMPORTANT
safety
selective-perfect drug is 100% effective
reversibility
predictable
easily administered
void of drug interactions
inexpensive
chemically stable
```
36
every patient is unique
individual variation
37
new drugs undergo testing for toxicity reviewed by FDA
The Food and Drug Cosmetic Act
38
1st legislation to regulate drug safety
The Food and Drug Cosmetic Act
39
drugs with potential abuse must be tightly regulated
Controlled Substances Act
40
How is the scheduling of controlled substances controlled?
I-worse; no medicinal value and greatest potential for abuse (heroine, meth)
II-medicinal abuse and greatest potential for abuse (dilaudid, percocet, ritalin, morphine)
III-
IV-
V-cough syrup, steroids
41
the most reliable way to evaluate all new drugs
randomized controlled trial RCT
features controlled binding, and randomization
42
what are the 3 ways to move your drug
channels and pores
active transport
direct penetration of membrane
43
what is the most common way to move your drug?
direct penetration of membrane
44
what characteristics will absorb and pass through?
nonpolar
nonionized
lipophilic
minimal protein bound
45
what characteristics will not absorb and pass through?
polar
ionized
hydrophilic
maximal protein bound
46
an acid in acid is
nonionized
47
the effects of the body on the drug
pharmacokinetics
48
the effects of the drug on the body
pharmacodynamics
49
larger surface area
greater the Absorption
50
are trade vs. generic drugs created equal?
yes within 5%
51
drugs move from ___ concentrations to ___ concentrations
high to low
52
advantages of enteral medications
reversible
easy
safe
inexpensive
53
disadvantages of enteral medication
```
GI toxicity
variable absorption (not as predictable as IV)
first pass affect (liver wipe out)
```
54
advantages of parenteral medication
precise control
no barriers to absorption
emergencies large volume
55
disadvantages of parenteral medication
infection
irreversible
embolism
fluid overload
56
the movement of drugs throughout the body (from the blood to the tissues)
volume distribution
57
what characteristics have a high volume of distribution?
nonpolar
nonionized
lipophilic
minimal protein bound
58
acceleration of renal excretion is a major part of
metabolism/biotransfusion
59
what is the most important function of the liver?
acceleration of renal excretion (metabolism)
60
the study of biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs on the body
pharmacodynamics
61
removal of drug from the body
excretion
62
ways of excretion
```
RENAL
-glomerular filtration
-passive reabsorption
-active transport
and non renal
```
63
any noxious, unintended, and undesired effect that occurs at a normal drug dose
Adverse Drug Reactions ADR
64
where are ADRs most common
elderly >60 (50%) of ADR
| very young
65
the more _____the more ADRs
drugs
66
what is the 4th leading cause of death?
ADR
67
unavoidable secondary drug effect produces at therapeutic doses
side effect
| NSAIDS>ulcers
68
any severe ADR regardless of the dose
toxicity
69
immune response
allergic reaction
| mild rash>anaphylactic reaction>skin peel off
70
uncommon drug response resulting from genetic predisposition
idiosyncratic effect
71
disease produced by drugs (our fault)
Iatrogenic Disease
72
drugs cause cancer
carcinogenic effect
73
drug induced drug effect
teratogenic
74
FDA Medical Products Reporting Program for ADR stage 4 clinical trials
Medwatch
75
with ADRs what do you think first?
think DRUG first
76
any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm, while the medication is in the control of the health care professional, patient, or consumer
Med Errors
77
Fatal Errors
```
#1 reason overdose
#2 wrong drug
#3 wrong route
```
78
report it! even near misses
!!
79
decrease responsiveness to drug as a result of repeated drug administration
tolerance
80
pt. requires increase drug levels to produce effects that could formerly be produced at decreased drug levels
pharmacodynamic tolerance
81
what happens during pharmacodynamic tolerance?
MEC goes up
82
due to accelerated drug metabolism
metabolic tolerance (MEC doesn't rise)
83
reduction in responsiveness brought on by repeated dosing over a short period of time
tachyphylaxis
84
the component of the drug response that is caused by physiologic factors and not by the biochemical or physical properties of the drug
placebo effect
85
pts. feel like they are getting better
positive placebo effect
86
pts. are negative
negative placebo effect
87
a major cause of altered cause of altered drug response are alterations in genes that code for drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug targets
genetics
88
provide ______ treatment for the mother while avoiding ___ to the fetus
effective; harm
89
what kind of drug do you want to give to a mother so that it won't get to the baby?
polar ionized, hydrolipophilic, max. protein bound
90
When are medications the most dangerous to take?
1st trimester; 3-8 weeks; embryonic period
91
when would birth defects take place?
2nd trimester
92
what rated drug would be ok to take during pregnancy?
A
93
what rated drug would you not want to take while pregnant?
X
94
When breast feeding when do you want to take a drug?
right after feeding and we want drugs with a short half life
95
generally responsible for enhanced drugs in the very young
organ system immaturity
96
what kind of meds should we be careful with with infants?
creams-doesn't take much
