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Human Anatomy 100 > Test yourself > Flashcards

Test yourself Flashcards

1
Q

7: What muscles elevate the scapula?

A

Upper fibers of trapezius and levator scapulae

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2
Q

7: What muscles extend the shoulder?

A

Latissimus dorsi and teres major

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3
Q

7: What is retraction of the scapula?

A

Moving shoulder backwards.

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4
Q

7: What nerve roots supply the upper limb?

A

C5-T1 nerve roots

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5
Q

What muscles carry out ulnar deviation?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris and extensor carpi ulnaris

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6
Q

What muscles carry out radial deviation?

A

Flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis

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7
Q

What are the wrist flexors and their innervation?

A

Median nerve: Flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis and palmaris longus

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8
Q

What are the wrist extensors and their innervation?

A

Radial nerve: Extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis brevis and extensor carpi radialis longus.

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9
Q

What are the finger flexors and their innnervation?

A

Median and ulnar nerve.
Flexor digitorum profundus, Flexor digitorum superficialis

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10
Q

What are the finger extensors and their innervation?

A

Radial nerve. Extensor digitorum.

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11
Q

What are the thumb flexors and their innervation?

A

Median nerve. Flexor pollicis longus.

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12
Q

What are the thumb extensors and their innervation?

A

Radial nerve. Extensor pollicis longus, Extensor pollicis brevis, Abductor pollicis longus.

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13
Q

What joints allow forearm pronation and supination?

A

Radioulnar joints

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14
Q

What nerve passes through the cubital fossa?

A

Median nerve

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15
Q

What muscles originate on the lateral epicondyle?

A

The wrist and finger extensors

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16
Q

Explain the layers of the forearm flexors

A

DEEP
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
MIDDLE
Flexor digitorum superficialis
SUPERFICIAL
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor carpi radialis

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17
Q

Explain the wrist extensors in layers

A

DEEP
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
MIDDLE
Extensor digitorum
SUPERFICIAL
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi ulnaris

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18
Q

Where are the radioulnar joints?

A

Wrist and elbow

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19
Q

What are the motions at the radioulnar joints?

A

Elbow flexion and extension.
Wrist flexion and extension.
Ulnar and radial deviation.

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20
Q

What is the most superficial quadricep muscle?

A

Rectus femoris

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21
Q

What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A
  • sartorius
  • vastus intermedius
  • vastus lateralis
  • vastus medialis
  • rectus femoris
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22
Q

What muscles are in the medial compartment of the thigh?

A
  • adductor brevis
  • adductor magnus
  • adductor longus
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23
Q

What muscles are in the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A
  • biceps femoris
  • semimembranosus
  • semitendinosus
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24
Q

What muscles extend the hip?

A

Gluteus maximus and hamstrings

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25
Q

What muscles flex the hip?

A

Iliacus, pectineus, psoas major, rectus femoris, and sartorius

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26
Q

What muscles internally rotate the hip?

A

Gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae, adductor longus, adductor brevis, pectineus, and adductor magnus

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27
Q

What muscles externally rotate the hip?

A

Lateral rotator group = PGOGOQ

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28
Q

What muscles are in the anterior leg compartment?

A
  • tibialis anterior
  • extensor digitorum longus
  • extensor hallucis longus
  • fibularis tertius
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29
Q

What muscles are in the lateral leg compartment?

A
  • fibularis longus
  • fibularis brevis
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30
Q

What muscles are in the superficial part of the posterior leg compartment?

A

gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris

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31
Q

What muscles are in the deep part of the posterior leg compartment?

A

popliteus
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus
tibialis posterior

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32
Q

What muscles abduct the hip?

A

gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae

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33
Q

What muscles adduct the hip?

A

pectineus, adductor longus, gracilis, adductor brevis, and adductor magnus

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34
Q

What muscles flex the knee?

A

hamstrings, gracilis, sartorius, gastrocnemius, plantaris, and popliteus

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35
Q

What muscles extend the knee?

A

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis

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36
Q

What is ankle pronation?

A

eversion, ankle dorsiflexion, and forefoot abduction

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37
Q

What is ankle supination?

A

Plantar flexion, inversion and adduction

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38
Q

What muscles contribute to ankle pronation?

A

anterior tibialis, extensor digitorum longus, and the extensor hallucis longus

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39
Q

What muscles contribute to ankle supination?

A

tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus and tibialis anterior

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40
Q

What muscles cause eversion of ankle?

A

Fibularis longus, fibularis brevis and fibularis tertius

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41
Q

What muscles cause inversion of the foot?

A

tibialis posterior, tibialis anterior, flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus

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42
Q

What muscles cause plantar flexion?

A

gastrocnemius and soleus

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43
Q

What muscles carry our dorsiflexion?

A

Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus and fibularis tertius.

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44
Q

What muscles flex the toes?

A

flexor digitorum longus, flexor digitorum brevis and flexor hallucis longus, flexor hallucis brevis

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45
Q

What muscles extend the toes

A

Extensor digitorum longus, extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum brevis

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46
Q

What muscles abduct the toes?

A

abductor hallucis, dorsal interoseii and abductor digiti mini

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47
Q

what muscles adduct the toes?

A

adductor hallucis and plantar interoseii

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48
Q

Use the words proximal and distal in a sentence

A

(proximal is tibiofibular joint closest to knee and distal is the joint at that ankle)

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49
Q

Use the words lateral and medial in a sentence

A

lateral and medial meniscus

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50
Q

Use the words superior and inferior in a sentence

A

ASIS and AIIS

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51
Q

Use the words deep and superficial in a sentence

A

the soleus muscle is deep to the gastrocnemius muscle

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52
Q

Use the words anterior and posterior in a sentence

A

The clavicle bone is more anterior to the scapula

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53
Q

List all of the planes

A

Transverse/horizontal
- Divides into superior and inferior
Frontal/coronal
- Divides into anterior and posterior
Sagittal
- Divides into left and right

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54
Q

What are some of the bone functions?

A

Bone function:
- Support
- Storage of minerals and lipids
- Protection
- Blood cell production (bone marrow)
- Leverage

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55
Q

How can you define a joint?

A
  1. Based on motion available at joint
    - Synarthrothrosis, no motion
    - Amphiarthrosis, a little motion
    - Diarthosis, most motion
    1. Based on the structure
      • Bony
      • Fibrous
      • Cartilaginous - could be a disk of cartilage between the two bones
        Synovial - movable (diarthrosis)
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56
Q

Describe the joint capsule

A

Fibrous joint capsule that encloses the two ends of the bone that articulate.

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57
Q

Describe the synovial membrane

A

Good blood supply and produces synovial fluid.

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58
Q

Describe the synovial fluid

A

Lubricates the two ends of bones. Doesn’t always stay there, the synovial membrane reabsorbs, uses, and recreates new and fresh fluid to keep joints alive.

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59
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage

A

Very strong and happy for contact and weight bearing. Bones don’t like weight bearing but cartilage does. 1000x smoother than glass so happy to move along cartilage.

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60
Q

Describe the 3 types of muscle

A

CARDIAC muscle
- Regulated by the hearts pacemaker
- Not voluntary

SMOOTH muscle
- In arteries, digestive and urinary tract
- Not voluntary

SKELETAL muscle
- Produces skeletal movement
- Pulls on bones to allow movement
- Can store protein and energy
- If we are starving, body may use skeletal muscle for energy
- Can guard and regulate entrances of body
- Maintains a persons posture

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61
Q

What is a synergist muscle?

A

A synergist muscle assists the agonist muscle or “primary mover” for a specific action at a joint. This muscle is not the main muscle involved in the action, but works in synergy with the primary muscle.

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62
Q

Describe concentric, eccentric and isometric

A

Concentric muscle gets shorter as it moves the body part. Gets shorter to resist gravity and/or weight.
Eccentric muscle allows itself to get longer.
Isometric muscle stays the same length.

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63
Q

Describe the difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous system

A

SOMATIC
- Feel these signals - like flexing elbow cause we know we are doing this without looking at our elbow. This is sensory cause sensory neuron tells you this is what’s happening but also muscles being told what to do by motor neuron is somatic.
AUTONOMIC
- Sensory nerves telling you blood sugar is high - cant feel it. motor nerve may tell pancreas to release insulin - cant feel it.
- Don’t feel these signals
Sympathetic nerves are a part of the autonomic nervous system.

64
Q

How many sacral vertebrae are there

A

5

65
Q

What is the obturator foramen

A
  • Opening between the pubis and ischium
  • Obturator nerves and vessels pass through
66
Q

What structures pass through the pelvic floor

A

the urethra, anus and vagina

67
Q

What is the hilum of the kidney

A

The area where structures enter and exit the kidney

68
Q

What are the muscles of the pelvic floor

A
  • Iliacus (large one on the outside)
  • iliococcygeus (posterior on both sides)
  • pubococcygeous (anterior on both sides)
69
Q

Describe the bones of the foot

A

distally, you have the distal intermediate and proximal phalanges. then moving more proximal there are the metatarsals. laterally you have the cuboid then moving medially you have the 3 cuneiforms then posterior to the cuneiforms there is the navicular. the talus is superficial to the calcaneus

70
Q

what are the ligaments of the ankle that can be seen from a lateral view of the foot? how can these be injured?

A

***by an inversion injury
- posterior talofibular ligament
- calcaneofibular ligament
- anterior tibiofibular ligament
- anterior talofibular ligament

71
Q

What are the ligaments of the ankle that can be seen from a medial view? how can these be injured?

A

***by an eversion injury
- deltoid ligament

72
Q

Describe the tarsal tunnel

A
  • In the foot
  • More on medial aspect
  • Posterior tibial artery and vein
  • Posterior tibial nerve
  • Flexor hallucis longus tendon
  • Flexor digitorum longus tendon
  • Tibialis posterior tendon
73
Q

What motions occur at the talocrural joint?

A

Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

74
Q

What muscles dorsiflex the ankle?

A

Tibialis anterior

75
Q

Describe the bones and joints of the hand

A
  • distal phalanges
    DISTAL INTER-PHALANGEAL JOINT
  • middle phalanges
    PROXIMAL INTER-PHALANGEAL JOINT
  • proximal phalanges
    METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT
  • metacarpals
    CARPOMETACARPAL JOINT
  • distal carpal row
    MIDCARPAL JOINT
  • proximal carpal row
    RADIOCARPAL JOINT
76
Q

Explain the arteries & veins of the hand

A
  • Radial + ulnar arteries pass into the hand
  • Superficial + deep arterial and venous arches
  • Palmar arteries and veins
  • Digital arteries and veins
77
Q

Explain the nerves of the hand

A

Radial
- Extensors, posterior compartments
- Skin - Corso radial hand
Median
- Some flexors, pronators, intrinsic
- Skin - palmar, radial hand
Ulnar
- Some flexors, intrinsic
- Skin - palmar, ulnar hand

Everything on palmar aspect
- On thumb side of midline is innervated by median nerve
- On pinkie side of midline is ulnar nerve
*** midline for nerves is drawn straight through ring finger, however, midline for regular hand stuff is rude finger
On posterior aspect: Pinkie side is radial: Thumb side is median.

78
Q

Describe the thenar muscles of the hand

A
  • they abduct, oppose, and flex thumb
  • they are in the proximal, medial, palmar part of the hand
  • they are intrinsic muscles
  • opponens pollicis
  • adductor pollicis
  • abductor pollicis brevis
  • flexor pollicis brevis
79
Q

Describe and explain the hypothenar muscles of the hand

A
  • intrinsic muscles
  • they are at the dorsal, proximal, medial aspect of the hand
  • abdcuctor digiti minimi
  • flexor digiti minimi
  • opponens digiti minimi
80
Q

Define the differences and similarities between the interossei and the lumbricals

A
  • they are both in similar spots in the hand which is between the metacarpal bones
    ***difference between the interossei and lumbricals is that interossei abduct and adduct. Dorsal abduct, plantar adduct. The lumbricals are involved in flexion of metacarpal joint and extension of phalangeal joints
81
Q

What are the names and amount of vertebrae in the spine?

A
  • 7 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 4 coccygeal
82
Q

Functions of the spine

A
  • Supports body weight
  • Transmit forces through pelvis to lower limb
  • Carry and position head
  • Brace and help maneuver the upper limbs
  • Protect spinal cord
83
Q

Describe cervical vertebrae

A
  • Cervical = neck
  • 7 cervical vertebra
  • Small vertebral body
  • Transverse foramen
  • Small, bifid spinous process
  • Little transverse processes
  • Vertebral artery transverse foramen
  • C1 & skull; atlanto-occipital joint ‘yes’
  • C2; atlanto-axial joint ‘no’
  • C7 prominens
84
Q

Describe thoracic vertebrae

A
  • Thoracic = chest/upper back
  • Body is larger, heart shape
  • Vertebrocostal articulations
  • Small vertebral body
  • Spinous process faces down
85
Q

Describe lumbar vertebrae

A
  • Lumbar = lower back
  • Body is large, bean shape
  • Transverse process faces back
86
Q

Describe sacral & coccygeal vertebra

A
  • 5 fused sacral vertebrae
  • 4 fused coccygeal vertebrae
  • Female - shorter & wider
87
Q

Explain the joints and types of joints between the vertebra

A
  • Typical vertebra has 6 joints
  • 4 synovial joints (2 above, 2 below) - between articular processes = zygapophyseal joints
  • 2 symphyses (1 above, 1 below) - between vertebral bodies
88
Q

What are zygapophyseal joints

A
  • the only synovial joints in the spine, with hyaline cartilage overlying subchondral bone, a synovial membrane and a joint capsule
  • Cervical zygapophyseal joints slope inferiorly to posterior -> flexion/extension
  • Thoracic zygapophyseal joints slope almost vertical -> rotation
  • Lumbar zygapophyseal joints curved -> flexion/extension
89
Q

What are the intervertebral discs of the spine?

A
  • Fibrocartilaginous
  • Outer layer - annulus fibrous (collagen & fibrocartilage)
  • Central - nucleus pulposus (gelatinous)
    ***we’re about 1cm taller in the morning than in the evening due to the weight of standing and sitting all day compressing the spaces between the vertebrae.
90
Q

Describe the spinal cord

A
  • About 45cm long
  • Sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) SAME
  • Cord ends between L1 & L2
  • Nerves run within the vertebral canal below that ‘cauda equina’
91
Q

What are spinal meninges?

A

3 protective sheaths around spinal cord & brain
- Innermost = pia mater; pia = delicate, mater = mother
- Bound to the spinal cord
- Blood vessels external to pia
Middle layer = arachnoid mater; like spider web
Outermost layer = dura mater; durable = hard/tough

92
Q

Describe 3 features of a cervical vertebrae

A
  1. Transverse Foramina: Cervical vertebrae typically have transverse foramina, which are small openings located on each side of the vertebrae. These foramina serve as passageways for the vertebral arteries and veins, which supply blood to the brain. The presence of transverse foramina is a distinguishing characteristic of cervical vertebrae.
  2. Bifid Spinous Processes: The spinous processes of cervical vertebrae are often bifid, meaning they have a split or forked appearance. This bifid structure contributes to the attachment of muscles and ligaments in the neck region and allows for greater flexibility and range of motion in the cervical spine.
    Cervical Vertebrae Typically Have Small Bodies: Compared to other regions of the spine, such as the thoracic or lumbar vertebrae, cervical vertebrae tend to have relatively small vertebral bodies. These small bodies help to maintain the overall flexibility and mobility of the neck while still providing support for the head.
93
Q

What spinal nerves innervate the lower limb?

A
  1. Lumbar nerves (L1-L4): The lumbar nerves contribute to the innervation of the lower limbs, particularly the anterior and medial portions. They give rise to nerves such as the femoral nerve, which innervates the anterior thigh muscles and provides sensation to the anterior thigh and medial leg.
    Sacral nerves (L4-S4): The sacral nerves play a significant role in innervating the lower limbs, particularly the posterior and lateral portions. The major nerve of the sacral plexus is the sciatic nerve, which is formed by branches from the ventral rami of L4 to S3. The sciatic nerve innervates the posterior thigh muscles and all muscles below the knee, as well as providing sensation to the posterior thigh, leg, and foot.
94
Q

What are the posterior and anterior ramus?

A
  • The posterior and anterior rami are branches of spinal nerves that emerge from the spinal cord and serve different regions of the body, providing both motor and sensory functions.
  • The posterior rami innervate the muscles and skin of the back
  • The posterior rami pass dorsally (toward the back) and branch out to innervate the structures along the midline of the back
  • The anterior rami innervate the anterior and lateral portions of the trunk and the limbs
95
Q

What muscles are responsible for trunk flexion?

A

obliquus externus abdominis, the obliquus internus abdominis, and the rectus abdominus

96
Q

What muscles are responsible for trunk elevation?

A

Erector spinae group of muscles on each side of the vertebral column

97
Q

What muscles rotate the trunk?

A

UNILATERALLY
- internal oblique
- external oblique
- splenius cervicis
- splenius capitus

98
Q

What are the abdominal muscles and what do they do?

A

Transverse abdominis, internal oblique, external oblique, rectus abdominis

ACTION: compresses abdomen, trunk flexion, unilaterally rotate

99
Q

What is the innervation of the abdominal muscles?

A

The posterior rami of the spinal nerves

100
Q

Functions of thoracic cage

A
  • Protect vital thoracic & abdominal organs
  • Resists negative and positive intrathoracic pressure during normal & forceful respiration
  • Provide attachment for upper limb & support weight of upper limb
  • Provide attachment to intrinsic & extrinsic muscles of thorax
101
Q

What are the true and false ribs?

A

upper 7 - true ribs
lower 5 - false ribs
true ribs directly articulate with the sternum
false ribs indirectly articulate with the sternum through via costal cartilage

102
Q

What are the specific joints of the sternum/thoracic cage?

A
  • Cartilaginous joints = 1st sternocostal and all the costochondral joints, manubrio-sternal joint
  • Synovial joint = 2-7 sternocostal joint, chondro-chondral joints between costal cartilages of ribs 7-10
    1st sternocostal joint: the cartilaginous joint where the 1st rib attached to the sternum.
    Costochondral joints: connect the ribs to the costal cartilages.
    Manubriosternal joint: this is the junction between the manubrium (upper part of the sternum) and the body of the sternum (sternal body).
    2nd-7th sternocostal joints: between the sternum and the costal cartilages
    Chondrochondral joints: between costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 the ‘false ribs.’
103
Q

What is the xiphoid?

A

The xiphoid process is the smallest part of the sternum

***it goes the manubrium superiorly, body and then xiphoid process

104
Q

What is the superior thoracic aperture?

A

LOCATION
- Located superiorly and is the upper opening of the thoracic cavity
- Situated between the neck and the thorax
BOUNDARIES
- Anteriorly: it is bounded by the superior border of the manubrium of the sternum
- Laterally: it is bounded by the first pair of ribs and their costal cartilages
- Posteriorly: bounded by the first thoracic vertebra and the first thoracic intervertebral disc
CONTENTS
- Trachea
- Esophagus
- Phrenic nerve C3, C4, C5
- Motor, sensory, sympathetic nerves

105
Q

What are the anterior and posterior rami?

A
  • The posterior and anterior rami are branches of spinal nerves that emerge from the spinal cord and serve different regions of the body, providing both motor and sensory functions.
  • The posterior rami innervate the muscles and skin of the back.
  • The anterior rami innervate the anterior and lateral portions of the trunk and the limbs.
106
Q

Describe the thoracic duct

A
  • Largest lymphatic duct
  • Pies posterior & between the aorta & esophagus
  • Passes up mediastinum
  • Drains to venous system between left internal jugular and left subclavian veins
107
Q

What are the muscles that pass through the diaphragm?

A
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Esophagus
  • Aorta
108
Q

Summarise the process of quiet breathing

A

Inhaling
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract. Raising the rib cage and further expanding the thoracic cavity.
Exhaling
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, causing the thoracic cavity to decrease in volume and expel air due to the elastic recoil of the lung tissues.

109
Q

Describe the bones of the thorax. What are the joints?

A

Thoracic vertebrae: T1-T12
True ribs: 1-7
False ribs: 8-12
Sternum: manubrium is the upper part that articulates with clavicle and first 2 ribs.
Xiphoid process: the lower smallest part of the sternum.
JOINTS
Costovertebral joints: between the ribs and thoracic vertebrae.
Costotransverse joints: between the tubercles of the ribs and the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae.
Sternocostal joints: between the sternum and the costal cartilages of the first 7 ribs.
Costochondral joints: between the ribs and their costal cartilages.
Sternomanubrial: between the manubrium and the sternum.
Xiphisternal joint: between the body of the sternum and the xiphoid process.

110
Q

What is quiet breathing? What muscles and nerves are responsible?

A
  1. Diaphragm:
    * Location: A dome-shaped muscle located at the base of the thoracic cavity.
    * Function: Contracts and flattens during inhalation to increase thoracic cavity volume.
  2. External Intercostal Muscles:
    * Location: Situated between the ribs, running obliquely from the lower border of one rib to the upper border of the rib below.
    * Function: Elevate the ribs and expand the thoracic cavity during inhalation.
  3. Phrenic Nerves:
    * Origin: Arise from the cervical spinal cord (C3-C5).
  4. Intercostal Nerves:
    Origin: Ventral rami of the thoracic spinal nerves (T1-T11).
111
Q

What is active breathing? What muscles and nerves are responsible?

A
  • Diaphragm: More forceful contraction during active inhalation.
  • External Intercostal Muscles: Continued elevation of the ribs.
    16. Accessory Muscles for Active Inhalation:
  • Sternocleidomastoid: Elevates the sternum.
  • Scalenes: Elevate the first and second ribs.
  • Pectoralis Major and Minor: Assist in elevating the rib cage when the arms are fixed.
  • Serratus Anterior: Elevates the ribs when the scapula is stabilized.
    17. Muscles for Active Exhalation:
  • Internal Intercostal Muscles: Depress the ribs.
  • Innermost Intercostal Muscles: Assist the internal intercostals.
  • Rectus Abdominis: Compresses the abdominal cavity.
  • Transversus Abdominis: Compresses the abdominal contents.
  • Internal and External Obliques: Compress the abdomen and push the diaphragm upwards.
    Nerves Responsible for Active Breathing
    18. Phrenic Nerves:
  • Origin: Arise from the cervical spinal cord (C3-C5).
    19. Intercostal Nerves:
  • Origin: Ventral rami of the thoracic spinal nerves (T1-T11).
112
Q

What is the mesentary

A

The mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum (a membrane that lines the abdominal cavity) that attaches the intestines to the posterior abdominal wall, providing support and stability while allowing some movement. It plays a crucial role in housing blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that supply the intestines.

113
Q

Describe the thoracic duct and its function

A
  • Transports lymph back into the circulatory system. Drains from most of the body besides the right upper quarter of the body (right lymphatic duct).
  • Largest lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from most of the body
114
Q

Describe the epiglottis and its function

A

Located in the throat and acts as a switch between the larynx and the esophagus. During swallowing, it folds back to cover the entrance of the larynx, directing food and liquid to the esophagus and preventing them from entering the trachea and lungs.

115
Q

Explain the pharynx and its function

A
  • Shared tube posterior to nose and mouth
    For air and food
  • Plays a role in digestion and respiration
116
Q

Explain the larynx and its function

A
  • Voicebox
  • Just inferior to the pharynx
    Changes shapes in order to make noise
117
Q

Explain the trachea and its relation to the bronchi

A
  • Larynx becomes the trachea
  • Breaks into 2 brachii (connect to the lungs)
  • Anterior to the esophagus
  • Diameter 1.5-2cm
  • Bifurcates (divides) at level of T4/T5
  • The right bronchi is steeper and more vertical due to the lack of interference from the heart and therefore greater anatomical space on the right side of the chest.
118
Q

Describe the lungs

A
  • Spongy organs
  • Lots of surface area for gas exchange
  • Pulmonary cavities contain lungs and pleurae
  • Apex, base, surfaces, borders
  • Left 2 lobes, right 3 lobes
  • Cardiac notch
    On the medial aspect of the lung, the lung is connected to the trachea, heart, or mediastinum
119
Q

What is the hilum and its function

A

Depression on the medial aspect of the lung. This is where structures enter and leave the lung.

120
Q

Briefly explain the pleura

A
  • Serious membrane arranges as a two-layered membranous pleural sac
  • Inner layer visceral pleura lines lung
  • Outer layer is called the parietal pleura which lines the thorax
  • Pleural cavity extends further downward than lungs
121
Q

What is the blood supply of the lung

A
  • Bronchial arteries arise from aorta supply oxygenated blood to the lungs
  • Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs
122
Q

What is the anatomical position of the heart

A
  • Anterior, inferior mediastinum
  • Opposite T5-T8
  • Directly posterior to sternum
  • In contact with diaphragm
123
Q

Explain the heart, its structures and its function

A
  • Systole - ventricles contract forcing blood out of heart to the rest of the body
  • Diastole - ventricles relax
  • Deoxygenated blood comes into the heart through the right atrium of the body, moves in the right ventricle and is pushed into the pulmonary arteries in the lungs. Blood receives oxygen (turns red) and travels back to heart through pulmonary veins into the left atrium, to the left ventricle and out via the aorta to the rest of the body.
124
Q

Describe the location of the abdominopelvic cavity

A
  • Anterior.= rectus abdominis and fascia
  • Lateral = ribs and transverse abdominis
  • Posterior = lumbar and sacral vertebrae
  • Superior = diaphragm
  • Inferior = pelvic floor
125
Q

Functions of the abdomino-pelvic cavity

A
  • Support and protect
  • Transmit neurovascular supply
  • Provide accessory muscles for physiological actions
  • Provide support to external reproductive organs
126
Q

What is the omentum and what is it functions?

A

A fold of connective tissue that hangs from the stomach and covers the abdominal organs like a protective layer.
- Protects your abdominal organs from bumps and injuries ect.
- Contains immune cells that help fight off infections and inflammation in the abdomen

127
Q

What is the peritoneum and its functions?

A
  • Moist membrane
  • 2 layers=parietal & visceral
    Parietal= lines the internal surface of the abdominopelvic wall
    Visceral= covers the majority of the abdominal viscera.
  • Peritoneal cavity = enclosed space filled with peritoneal fluid.
128
Q

What is the mesentary and its functions?

A

In abdomen, specifically around small intestine. Allows intestines to move and flex as needed for digestion and other bodily functions.
Functions
- Protect underlying viscera
- Allow gut mobility
- Pathways for vessels, nerves & lymphatics
- Absorption
- Healing/immune function
- Fat storage

129
Q

Oesophagus location and function

A
  • Hollow muscular tube posterior to trachea, anterior to vertebral column
  • Pierces diaphragm through eosophagal hiatus
  • Transmits food
130
Q

Stomach location and function

A
  • Softens and mixes food with gastric juice via peristalsis to make chyme
  • Mucous glands protect gastric lining against acid
  • Gastric glands produce digestive acid
  • Made of smooth muscle
131
Q

Small intestine location, sections and function

A
  • Main site for digestion and absorption of nutrients
  • Between pyloric sphincter of stomach and ileocecal valve that opens into the large intestine
  • Supported by mesentary
    DUODENUM
  • Fixed in place
  • Receives chyme from stomach
  • Receives digestive enzymes from pancrease, gall bladder
    JEJUNUM
  • Mobile
    ILEUM
  • Absorb B12 and fat soluble vitamins
  • Meets the large intestine at the ileocaecal valve
132
Q

Caecum anatomical location and function

A
  • Ileocecal sphincter
  • Inferior to the ileocaecal valve is caecum
  • Caecum collects and stores material from small intestine, begins compaction, absorbs water, lubricates contents
133
Q

Appendix location and function

A
  • Organ with lymphoid tissue
  • Blind tube
  • Diverse in size & shape
  • ‘safe house’ for good bacteria
134
Q

Anal canal location and function

A

Internal anal sphincter:
- Circular smooth muscle, involuntary control
External anal sphincter:
- Encircles distal and canal
- Skeletal muscle, voluntary control

135
Q

Liver location and function

A
  • 4 lobes
  • Inferior to diaphragm
    Functions
  • Coverts carbohydrates to glucose
  • Converts glucose to glycogen
  • Converts amino acids into proteins such as hormones
  • Bile, produced by the liver, is produced for fat digestion
  • Fat soluble vitamins need bile for absorption
  • Produces urine
    Blood supply
  • Portal vein
  • Hepatic artery
136
Q

Gall Bladder location and function

A
  • Pear shaped, muscular sac
  • On posterior surface of liver
  • Bile storage, concentration
  • Common bile duct opens to duodenum
137
Q

Spleen location and function

A
  • Where white blood cells detect foreigners
  • Red blood cells remove old or damaged
138
Q

Pancreas liver and function

A
  • Posterior abdominal wall
  • Creates enzymes and hormones
  • Produces insulin
139
Q

Name the bones of the skull

A

Frontal (forehead)
Nasal (nose)
Maxilla (moutache)
Mandible (chin)
Temporal (temples)
Occipital (back bottom)

140
Q

Describe the temporomandibular joint

A
  • Only mobile joint in the skull
  • Junction between temporal and mandible
  • Double synovial joint: upper hinge and lower gliding separated by an intra-articular disc
  • Fine control for speech, strength for chewing
141
Q

What is the pterion?

A
  • H shaped sutural junction between frontal, parietal, sphenoid and temporal bones
  • Several sutures weaken structures
  • Underlying middle meningeal artery, can cause intra-cranial haemorrhage
142
Q

What muscles undergo shoulder flexion?

A

Pectoralis Major (Clavicular Head): A large chest muscle.
Anterior Deltoid: The front part of the shoulder muscle.
Biceps Brachii (Short Head): A muscle of the upper arm.
Coracobrachialis: A small muscle of the upper arm.

143
Q

What muscles are involved in shoulder extension

A

Latissimus Dorsi: A large back muscle.
Posterior Deltoid: The back part of the shoulder muscle.
Teres Major: A small muscle that helps with shoulder movements.
Triceps Brachii (Long Head): The back part of the upper arm muscle.

144
Q

What muscles are involved in shoulder abduction

A

Middle Deltoid: The middle part of the shoulder muscle.
Supraspinatus: A rotator cuff muscle located on the top of the shoulder.

145
Q

What muscles are involved in shoulder adduction

A

Pectoralis Major: A large chest muscle.
Latissimus Dorsi: A large back muscle.
Teres Major: A small muscle that helps with shoulder movements.

146
Q

What muscles are involved in internal/medial rotation of the shoulder

A

Subscapularis: A rotator cuff muscle located on the underside of the shoulder blade.
Pectoralis Major: A large chest muscle.
Latissimus Dorsi: A large back muscle.
Teres Major: A small muscle that helps with shoulder movements.
Anterior Deltoid: The front part of the shoulder muscle.

147
Q

What muscles are involved in external/lateral rotation of the shoulder

A

Infraspinatus: A rotator cuff muscle located on the back of the shoulder blade.
Teres Minor: A small muscle located below the infraspinatus.
Posterior Deltoid: The back part of the shoulder muscle.

148
Q

What muscles are involved in elevation of the scapula

A

Upper Trapezius: Elevates the scapula.
Levator Scapulae: Elevates the scapula.
Rhomboid Major and Minor: Assist in elevating the scapula.

149
Q

What muscles are involved in scapula depression

A

Lower Trapezius: Depresses the scapula.
Pectoralis Minor: Depresses the scapula.
Serratus Anterior (Lower Fibers): Assists in depressing the scapula

150
Q

What muscles are involved in protraction of the scapula

A

Serratus Anterior: Protracts the scapula.
Pectoralis Minor: Assists in protracting the scapula.

151
Q

What muscles are involved in retraction of the scapula

A

Middle Trapezius: Retracts the scapula.
Rhomboid Major and Minor: Retract the scapula.

152
Q

What muscles are involved in trunk flexion

A

Rectus Abdominis: A major abdominal muscle running vertically along the front of the abdomen.
External Oblique: Located on the sides and front of the abdomen, these muscles also assist in rotation.
Internal Oblique: Located under the external obliques, they also assist in rotation.

153
Q

What muscles are involved in trunk extension

A

Erector Spinae: A group of muscles running vertically along the back on either side of the vertebral column. It includes the iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis muscles.
Multifidus: A series of small muscles that run along the spine, providing stability and extension.
Semispinalis: Part of the transversospinalis group, these muscles assist in extending the spine.

154
Q

What muscles are involved in lateral flexion of the trunk

A

External Oblique: Assists in bending the trunk to the side.
Internal Oblique: Assists in bending the trunk to the side.
Quadratus Lumborum: Located in the lower back, this muscle is a key player in lateral flexion.
Erector Spinae: Specifically, the iliocostalis and longissimus parts help in lateral flexion.

155
Q
A

Human Anatomy 100 (2 decks)

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