O, I, A, N Flashcards
Shoulder bones - palpate and point out aloud
Clavicle
Scapula - borders
Humerus
Acromion
Greater tubercle
Intertubercular groove
Deltoid tuberosity
Lesser tubercle
Name the elements of the scapula
- Medial, Lateral and Inferior angle
- Glenoid fossa
- Supraspinous fossa
- Infraspinous fossa
- Subscapular fossa
Describe the glenohumeral joint capsule
- Synovial ball and socket joint
- Is between the head of the humerus & glenoid fossa
- Loose capsule for movement
Name the ligaments of the shoulder
- Coracoclavicular: joins coracoid to clavicle
- Coracoacromial: joins coracoid to acromion
- Superior glenohumeral
- Middle glenohumeral
- Inferior glenohumeral
Name the arteries of the shoulder/arm
Deep arteries
1. Subclavian artery as is passes over 1st rib
2. Axillary artery in the armpit
3. Brachial artery at elbow
4. Radial atery at wrist
5. Ulnar artery at wrist
What is scapulohumeral rhythm?
- Refers to muscle function and shoulder joint motion
- Depending on the movement this means a series of movements occur in rhythm with one another. a 3 dimensional scapular kinematic pattern during normal arm elevation that include upward rotation, posterior tilting and varying internal/external rotation.
- Scapula and humerus move
- Preserves length & tension of muscles
- Moves the glenoid with humerus
- Lifts the acromion away from the greater tubercle
Muscles that move scapula priginate and insert where?
Originate on spine of ribs and insert on scapula
Trapezius OAIN
- Superficial
- Upper, middle & lower fibres
O - Skull, cervical & thoracic vertebrae
I - spine of scapula and clavicle
A - scapular elevation, depression, retraction rotation
N - spinal accessory
- Upper, middle & lower fibres
Pectoralis Minor OIAN
O - ribs 3-5
I - coracoid
A - depression, protraction
N - medial pectoral
Serratus Anterior OIAN
O - ribs 1-8 or 9
I - medial border, scapula
A - protraction
N - long thoracic
Levator Scapulae OIAN
O - C1-C4
I - superior vertebral border, scapula
A - elevate scapula
N - dorsal scapular
Rhomboid minor OIAN
O - C7-T1
I - vertebral border of scapula
A - retract scapula
N - dorsal scapular
Rhomboid major OIAN
O - T2-T6
I - vertebral border of scapula
A - retract scapula
N - dorsal scapula
Muscles that move the shoulder originate and insert where
Originate on spine/ribs/sternum/clavicle - insert on humerus
Describe the rotator cuff
- 4 muscles
- Stabilises the glenohumeral joint by compressing the humeral head against the glenoid
- A group of muscles and tendons that surround the shoulder joint, keeping the head of the upper arm bone firmly within the shallow socket of the shoulder
- Like a ligament
Individually they rotate humerus
Supraspinatus OIAN
O - supraspinous fossa, scapula
I - greater tubercle, humerus
A - abducts shoulder
N - suprascapular nerve
Deltoid OIAN
O - clavicle, acromion & scapula
I - humerus
A - anterior flex - posterior extend - ALL TOGETHER abduct
N - axillary
Latissimus Dorsi OIAN
O - T9-L5, posterior iliac crest
I - intertubercular groove, humerus
A - extension of shoulder
N - thoracodorsal
Teres major OIAN
O - inferior angle, scapula
I - medial lip intertubercular groove, humerus
A - shoulder abduction, medial rotation
N - lower subscapular
Triceps OIAN
O - infraglenoid tubercle, scapula
I - olecranon, ulna
A - shoulder abduction
N - radial
Pectoralis major OIAN
O - ribs, sternum, clavicle
I - greater tubercle, humerus
A - shoulder abduction, flexes shoulder
N - pectoral nerves
Coracobrachialis OIAN
O - coracoid process (scapula)
I - shaft, humerus
A - flexes shoulder
N - musculocutaneous
Biceps OIAN
O - supraglenoid tubercle (long head) coracoid process (short)
I - radial tuberosity
A - flexes shoulder
N - musculocutaneous
What muscles rotate the shoulder?
Internal/medial rotation
- Subscapularis
- Pectorlais major
- Latissimus dorsi
- Teres major
External/lateral rotation
- Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Describe the elbow joint
- Synovial hinge joint
- Humerus, radius & ulna bones
ROM 0 degress extension and 150 degrees flexion
- Humerus, radius & ulna bones
Briefly describe the ligaments of the elbow
LATERALLY: radial/lateral collateral ligaments
MEDIALLY: ulnar/medial collateral ligaments
What does the ‘carrying angle’ refer to?
Refers to the acute angle made by the median axis of arm and median axis of forearm in full extension and supination
Where is the cubital fossa and what passes through it?
At the posterior elbow. Ulnar nerve passes through
Triceps brachii OIAN
O - long head - lateral border of scapula. Lateral head - lateral shaft, humerus. Short head - posterior shaft, humerus.
I - olecranon process
A - elbow extension
N - radial
Bicesp OIAN
O - long head - supraglenoid tubercle. Short head - coracoid.
I - radial tuberosity
A - elbow flexion
N - musculoskeletal nerve
Brachialis OIAN
O - anterior shaft, humerus
I - proximal ulna
A - elbow flexion
N - musculoskeletal nerve
Brachioradialis OIAN
O - distal, lateral humerus
I - radial tubercle
A - elbow flexor
N - radial nerve
Supinator OIAN
O - lateral, proximal radius
I - medial, proximal, posterior ulna
A - supinate the forearm
N - radial
Pronator teres OIAN
O - meidal epicondyle humerus and proximal ulna
I - lateral, mid-shaft, radius
A - pronate the forearm
N - median nerve
Pronator quadratus OIAN
O - anterior, distal ulna
I - anterior, distal, radius
A - pronate the forearm
N - median nerve
Describe the wrist joint
- Synovial joint
- 2 rows of carpal bones - proximal & distal
- 8 carpal bones
- Carpometacarpal joint
- Midcarpal joint
- Radiocarpal joint
Where is the carpal tunnel and what passes through it?
In the wrist.
Median nerve and flexor tendons pass through.
Flexor carpi ulnaris OIAN
O - medial epicondyle, humerus
I - pisiform, base of 5th metacarpal
A - wrist flexion
N - ulnar nerve
Flexor carpi radialis OIAN
O - medial epicondyle, humerus
I - base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpal
A - wrist flexion
N - median nerve
Palmaris longus OIAN
O - medial epicondyle, humerus
I - base of 3rd and 4th metacarpal
A - wrist flexion
N - median nerve
Flexor digitorum superficialis OIAN
O - medial epicondyle, humerus, ulna & radius
I - middle phalanges, digits 2-5
A - flex digits
N - median nerve
Flexor digitorum profundus OIAN
O - anterior ulna, interosseus membrane
I - distal phalanges, digits 2-5
A - flex digits
N - median & ulna nerve
Flexor pollicis longus OIAN
O - anterior radius, interosseus membrane
I - distal phalanx, thumb
A - flex digits
N - median (***runs through carpal tunnel)
Extensor carpi radialis longus OIAN
O - lateral epicondyle
I - 2nd metacarpal
A - wrist extension
N - radial nerve
Extensor carpi radialis brevis OIAN
O - lateral epicondyle
I - 3rd metacarpal
A - wrist extension
N - radial nerve
Extensor carpi ulnaris OIAN
O - lateral epicondyle
I - 5th metacarpal
A - wrist extension
N - radial nerve
Extensor digitorum OIAN
O - lateral epicondyle
I - extensor expansions, four fingers
A - extend fingers
N - radial nerve
Abductor pollicis longus OIAN
O - ulna and radius
I - 1t metacarpal
A - extend thumb
N - radial nerve
Extensor pollicis brevis OIAN
O - radius
I - proximal phalanx
A - extend thumb
N - radial nerve
Extensor pollicis longus OIAN
O - ulna
I - distal phalanx
A - extend thumb
N - radial nerve
Describe proximal and distal with example
Used to describe which tibiofibular joint is which (proximal is tibiofibular joint closest to knee and distal is the joint at that ankle)
Describe superior & inferior with example
- applies to the head, neck and trunk
- superior ‘above’
- inferior ‘below’
e.g. Anterior superior iliac spine and the anterior inferior iliac spine
Describe the 3 planes
Transverse/horizontal
- Divides into superior and inferior
Frontal/coronal
- Divides into anterior and posterior
Sagittal
Divides into left and right
Bone function?
- Support
- Storage of minerals and lipids
- Protection
- Blood cell production (bone marrow)
- Leverage
What are the elements of a joint?
- joint capsule
- synovial membrane
- synovial fluid
- hyaline cartilage
Synovial membrane function
Good blood supply and produces the synovial fluid
Synovial fluid function
Lubricates the two bones articulating. Doesn’t always stay where it is, the synovial membrane reabsorbs, uses, and recreates new and fresh fluid to keep joints alive.
Hyaline cartilage function
Very strong and happy for contact and weight bearing. Bones don’t like weight bearing but cartilage does. 1000x smoother than glass so happy to move along cartilage.
What are the 3 types of muscles and their functions?
CARDIAC muscle
- Regulated by the hearts pacemaker
- Not voluntary
SMOOTH muscle
- In arteries, digestive and urinary tract
- Not voluntary
SKELETAL muscle
- Produces skeletal movement
- Pulls on bones to allow movement
- Can store protein and energy
- Can guard and regulate entrances of body
- Maintains a persons posture
What are prime movers?
The muscles that perform the intended motions
What are antagonists?
Muscles that perform the opposite motions to the prime mover. They lengthen while the prime mover shortens/contracts.
Distinguish the difference between eccentric, concentric and isometric
Concentric muscle gets shorter as it moves the body part. Gets shorter to resist gravity and/or weight.
Eccentric muscle allows itself to get longer.
Isometric muscle stays the same length.
Distinguish the different between somatic and autonomic nervous systems
SOMATIC
- Feel these signals - like flexing elbow cause we know we are doing this without looking at our elbow. This is sensory cause sensory neuron tells you this is what’s happening but also muscles being told what to do by motor neuron is somatic.
AUTONOMIC
- Sensory nerves telling you blood sugar is high - cant feel it. motor nerve may tell pancreas to release insulin - cant feel it.
- Don’t feel these signals
- Sympathetic nerves are a part of the autonomic nervous system.
Pelvis function
- Withstand weight bearing and locomotion
- Strength and stability > mobility
- The joints at front and back move very little
- Protect organs of reproduction, digestion & urination
- Link trunk to the lower limbs
What are the bones of the pelvis?
Ilium, sacrum, pubis and ischium.
Describe the sacrum
- 5 sacral vertebrae
- Coccyx at bottom
- Between two ilium bones
Describe the acetabulum
- The socket of the hip bone
- Where the head of the femur fits
- There are 2 laterally
Ilium, pubis bone and ischium contributes to the acetabulum
Describe the obturator foramen
- Opening between the pubis and ischium
- Obturator nerves and vessels pass through
Describe the elements of the ilium
- Iliac fossa
- Iliac crest
- Anterior inferior iliac spine
- Anterior superior iliac spine
- Weight bearing
- Attachment site for lots of muscles and structures in the lower limb such as gluteus maximus, medius and minimus as well as rectus femoris.
Describe the joints of the pelvis
Sacroiliac joints = synovial joint
- Not the most mobile
- Extremely strong
- Thick ligaments posteriorly
- Wedge shape of the sacrum makes it impossible for dislocation and increases strength to weight bare
Pubic symphysis
- Two tubercles on either side - superior ligaments running on joints above
- Consists of a fibrocartilaginous disc sandwiched between the articular surfaces of the two pubic bones
- Resists tensile, shearing and compressive forces
What makes female and male pelvis so different?
- Varies greatly between male and female
- Male ilium bone is a lot taller and narrower than a female
- Sub pubic angle is much smaller (90 degrees or less)
- Two ischial tuberosities are much closer together
- All of these things allow for childbirth
List the elements of the urinary system
Ureter, bladder, kidney and urethra
What do all of the elements of the urinary system do?
Ureter: brings urine from the kidney into the bladder
Bladder: detrusor contracts to allow urination
Kidney: where urine is formed
Urethra: terminal part of urinary system. Also a passage for semen in males
What are the elements of the female reproductive system?
Uterus, ovaries and fallopian tubes, vagina, perineum
What are the functions of the elements of the female reproductive system?
Uterus - nutruring fertilised egg
Ovaries - place hormones into the bloodstream
Fallopian tubes - connect ovaries to uterus for eggs to travel through.
Vagina - leads to the outside and protects from other items entering besides sperm.
Perineum - opening for anus
What are the elements of the male reproductive system?
Testes, vas deferens, scrotum, penis, perineum, epididymis
Describe the passage of semen
The sperm pathway begins in the testicles, then to the epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and then the urethra. Upon leaving the epididymis, sperm mixes with fluids released by the prostate and seminal vescicles.
Describe the functions of each element of the male reproductive system
Testes - primary reproductive organ as produces sperm and hormones
Vas deferens - transport sperm
Scrotum - supports testes and regulates temperature
Penis - urination and sexual intercourse
Perineum - protects pelvic floor muscles
Epididymis - transport sperm
What is the pelvic floor?
- A group of skeletal muscle
- Resists increase in intra-abdominal pressure. Keep the inferior aspect of the pelvis closed, holding up organs but also allowing certain structures through
- External sphincters - sits on either side of sphincter squeezing it shut to not allow urination.
- Support of organs
Innovated from anterior ramus of S4 and branches of the pudendal nerve (S2, S3 and S4)
What are the muscles of the pelvic floor?
Pubococcygeus, ileococcygeuys, coccygeus and puborectalis
What are the muscles of the pelvic floor’s function?
Pelvic organ support, bladder and bowel control, and sexual function.
Describe the hip joint?
- Is a synovial joint
- Ball and socket
- Ball=head of femur bone
- Socket=acetabulum
Describe the acetabulum
- Very deep fossa
- Comes into contact with a large amount of the head of the femur
- Horseshoe shaped
- fibrocartilaginous lining called cartilage
List the ligaments of the hip joint
- Iliofemoral ligament
- Pubofemoral ligament
- Ischiofemoral joint
Very strong ligaments making the hip joint so strong.
What is the angle of inclination?
- Between neck and shaft of femur
- Females < males
- In general, women have smaller because femur is set further apart because of a wider pelvis.
- Can change the posture of a persons lower limb
Why is the hip joint so stable?
- Because it has so much articular surface in contact (at the joint)
- Lots of thick ligaments that are inside of the capsule
What motions occur at the hip joint and in which plane?
Flexion/extension = sagittal plane
Abduction/adduction = frontal plane
Internal/external rotation = transverse plane
Gluteus maximus OIAN
- Origin = ilium, sacrum, coccyx, lumbar fascia
- Insertion = back of greater trochanter of femur bone is gluteal tuberosity & iliotibial tract
- Action = extends the hip
Innervated - inferior gluteal
Glueus medius and minimus
- Below gluteus maximus
- Originate on ilium bone
- Insert on greater trochanter
- Action = abduct hip, internally rotate hip
- Innervated by superior gluteal nerve.
Tensor fascia latae OIAN
- Originates iliac crest
- Inserts on iliotibial tract (tendon that runs through thigh to allow for action on lower leg)
- Action = flex and abduct hip
- Innervated by superior gluteal
What is the lateral rotator group?
a group of six small muscles of the hip which all externally (laterally) rotate the femur in the hip joint
- PGOGOQ
- Deep to the gluteals
- Insert to posterior of femur so they can pull it backward for lateral rotation
Originate from different aspects of the pelvis
Iliacus OIAN
- Originates from iliac fossa
- Inserts on lesser trochanter
- Action = flex hip
- Innervated by femoral nerve
Psoas major OIAN
- Medial to the iliacus
- Anterior to pubis
- Sometimes called iliopsoas and combined with iliacus
- Originate from T12-L5
- Action=flex hip
- Innervated by lumbar plexus
Rectus femoris OIAN
- Originate on anterior inferior iliac spine and upper acetabulum
- Insert on tibial tuberosity
- Action is to flex the hip and extend the knee
- Innervated by the femoral nerve
Vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis and vastus medialis OIAN
- Under the rectus femoris
- origin = femur
- Insert onto the tibial tuberosity
- Action = extend the knee
- Innervated by the femoral nerve
Sartorius AION
- Originate from anterior superior iliac spine
- Inserts onto medial tibia near the tibial tuberosity
- Action = knee and hip flexion, hip abduction and lateral rotation
- Innervated by the femoral nerve
Biceps femoris OIAN
- Originates on ischial tuberosity
- Inserts on head of fibula
- Action = extend hip and flex knee
- Innervated by sciatic and common fibular nerve
Semimembranosus and semitendinosus OIAN
- Originate on ischial tuberosity
- Insert on medial condyle, tibia
- Action=hip extension and knee flexion
- Innervated by sciatic nerve
Describe the knee joint
- Synovial joint
- Joint occurs femur bone proximally and tibia bone distally
- Patella is embedded in tendon that comes from the quadriceps
- Knee allows weight to be transferred down the femur to the tibia
- Most stable in extension
- Lateral and medial condyles of the femur
- There is also lateral and medial epicondyles of the femur
- Lateral and medial condyles of the tibia
Fibula is lateral bone
Describe the menisci, their function and difference
Medial meniscus
- Attached at margins to joint capsule and tibial collateral ligament. Attach to tibia and to each other anteriorly. Medial is wider and larger.
Lateral meniscus
- Smaller
- Not attached to joint capsule
Functions of meniscus
- Distribute load - because they fill in the gaps between the condyles
- Conform to articular surfaces as joint moves
Smooth and cartilage covered so they reduced friction in the joint
What is the patella retiacula?
- Sheets that hold the patella centered
- Reinforce the joint medially and laterally on anterior side
What are the main ligaments of the knee?
Anterior cruciate ligament
- Origin anterior to tibia
- Prevents anterior displacement of tibia relative to femur
Posterior cruciate ligament
- Origin posterior on tibia
- Prevents posterior displacement of tibia relative to femur
Tibial collateral ligament (medial)
- Broad and flat
- Also attaches to medial meniscus of the knee (as seen in picture)
- Can call it the medial collateral ligament
Fibular collateral ligament (lateral)
- Cord like
- Can call it the lateral collateral ligament
Describe the popliteal fossa
- Transition zone behind the knee (posterior)
- Popliteal artery (used to be femoral artery)
- Popliteal vein
- Tibial nerve
Borders - Semi tendinosis, semimembranosus (proximal medial border)
- Biceps femoris (proximal lateral border)
Gastrocnemius (distal border)
What is the interosseus membrane?
The space between the tibia and fibula
- kind of connects the two tibiofibular joints
Tibialis anterior OIAN
- Origin: tibia, interosseus membrane
- Insertion: medial cuneiform, 1st metatarsal
- Action: dorsiflexion and foot inversion
Innervation: deep fibular nerve
Extensor digitorum longus OIAN
- Origin: lateral tibia, superior medial fibula, interosseus membrane
- Insertion: toes 2-5
- Action: dorsiflexion, extend toes 2-5
Innervation: deep fibular nerve
Extensor hallucis longus OIAN
- Origin: fibula, interosseus membrane
- Insertion: distal phalanx hallux
- Action: dorsiflexion, extend hallux
Innervation: deep fibular nerve
Fibularis tertius OIAN
- Origin: fibula, interosseus membrane
- Insertion: 5th metatarsal
- Action: dorsiflexion and foot eversion
- Innervation: deep fibular nerve
Fibularis longus OIAN
- Origin: lateral side of fibula
- Insertion: 5th metatarsal and one of the cuneiforms
- Action: foot eversion
Innervation: superficial fibular nerve
Fibularis brevis OIAN
- Origin: lateral side of fibula
- Insertion: 5th metatarsal
- Action: foot eversion
Innervation: superficial fibular nerve
Gastrocnemius OIAN
- Origin: lateral and medial condyle of femur
- Insertion: calcaneus
- Action: plantarflexion and toe flexion
Innervation: tibial nerve
Soleus OIAN
- Origin: tibia, fibula
- Insertion: calcaneus
- Action: plantarflexion
Innervation: tibial nerve
Why is plantaris such an insignificant muscle?
Because we do not walk on our toes therefore muscle is rarely activated
Tibialis posterior OIAN
- Origin: interosseous membrane, tibia, fibula
- Insertion: navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid, metatarsals
- Action: plantarflexion, inversion, arch support
Innervation: tibial nerve
Flexor hallucis longus OIAN
- Origin: fibula, interosseus membrane
- Insertion: hallux
- Action: flex hallux, arch support
Innervation: tibial nerve
Flexor digitorum longus OIAN
- Origin: posterior tibia
- Insertion: lateral 4 toes
- Action: toe flexion 2-5, plantarflexion, arch support
- Innervation: tibial nerve
What are the malleolus’?
The two sides of the ankle bone; there are medial and lateral malleolus.
The medial malleolus is a projection from the tibia and the lateral malleolus is a projection/bony landmark of the fibula bone of the leg.
What are some of the functions of the foot/ankle?
Stability: push off - stable base of support - rigid lever
Mobility: absorption of rotation. Shock absorption from ground - becomes soft to withstand rough
ground.
What is the technical name for the ankle?
talocrucal joint
What are the ligaments of the ankle?
- posterior talofibular ligament
- anterior tibiofibular ligaemnt
- calcaneofibular ligament
- anterior talofibular ligament
- deltoid ligament
What are the arches of the foot?
There are two longitudinal archs in the foot : medial and lateral
The third arch is from the wedge shaped of the cuneiforms
What is the plantar fascia?
- Dense layer of deep fascia
- Covers medial and lateral muscles
- Helps maintain longitudinal arch
Explain the elements of the foot that are deep to the plantar fascia?
- the tibialis posterior and anterior tendons
- the flexor digitorum tendon and flexor hallucis longus tendon
- long and short plantar ligements connect calcaneus to digits
Describe the tarsal tunnel
- On the medial aspect of the ankle
- Between malleolus and calcaneus
- Come from posterior compartment of the leg
- posterior tibialis, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus tendons pass through
Flexor digitorum brevis OIAN
A: flexion toes 2-5
O: calcaneus
I: plantar aspects of 4 toes
N: medial plantar
Abductor digiti minimi OIAN
A: abduction of 5th toe
O: calcaneus
I: lateral aspect of 5th toe
N: lateral plantar
Abductor hallucis OIAN
A: abduct and flex hallux
O: calcaneus
I: medial aspect of hallux
N: medial plantar
Lumbricals OIAN
A: flex metatarsophalangeal, extend interphalangeal
O: flexor digitorum longus
I: extensor digitorum longus
N: medial and lateral plantar
Quadratus plantae OIAN
A: aligns flexor digitorum longus
O: calcaneus
I: tendon of flexor digitorum longus
N: lateral plantar
Adductor hallucis OIAN
A: may provide transverse arch support, adduct halux
O: proximal ends of middle 3 metatarsal bones
I: lateral aspect of hallux
N: deep lateral plantar
Flexor hallucis brevis OIAN
A: flex metatarsophalangeal joint hallux
O: medial and lateral cuneiforms, cuboid
I: medial and lateral, proximal parts of hallux
N: medial plantar
Flexors digiti minimi OIAN
A: flex metatarsophalangeal joint 5th toe
O: flexor retinaculum
I: base of proximal phalanx of 5th toe
N: lateral plantar
Plantar interossei OIAN
A: adduct toes 2-4
O: metatarsals
I: proximal phalanges
N: lateral plantar
Dorsal interossei OIAN
A: abduct the toes
O: base of metatarsal bones
I: medial base of second proximal phalanx
N: lateral plantar
Extensor hallucis brevis OIAN
A: extend metatarsophalangeal hallux
O: superolateral surface of calcaneus
I: dorsum of big toe
N: deep fibular
Extensor digitorum brevis OIAN
A: extend toes 2-4
O: upper and lateral surface of calcaneus bone
I: dorsum of toes 2-4
N: deep fibular
opponens pollicis OIAN
O: flexor retinaculum, trapezium
I: 1st metacarpal
A: opposes thumb
N: median
Adductor pollicis OIAN
O: 1st, 2nd, 3rd metacarpals
I: proximal phalanx
A: adducts thumb
N: ulnar
Abductor pollicis brevis OIAN
Abductor pollicis brevis
O: flexor retinaculum, trapezium
I: proximal phalanx thumb
A: abducts thumb
N: median
Flexor pollicis brevis OIAN
O: flexor retinaculum & carpal bones
I: base proximal phalanx thumb
A: flexes thumb at MCP
N: median & ulnar nerve
Abductor digiti minimi OIAN
Abductor digit minimi
O: pisiform & tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris
I: base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
A: abduct 5th digit
N: ulnar nerve
Flexor digiti minim OIAN
O: flexor retinaculum, hook of hamate
I: base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
A: flexes 5th digit at MCP
N: ulnar nerve
Opponens digiti minimi OIAN
O: flexor retinaculum, hook of hamate
I: medial aspect 5th metacarpal
A: opposes 5th digit, to ‘cup’ the palm
N: ulnar nerve
Interossei OIAN
O: metacarpals
I: proximal phalanges & extensor tendon
A: dorsal abduct, palmar adduct
N: ulnar nerve
Lumbricals OIAN
- 4 lumbricals
- On plantar side of the hand
- Arise from radial side of flexor digitorum profundus tendon
O: FDP tendons
I: ED tendons
A: flex MCP and extend IP joints
N: ulnar 2 = 2 ulnar nerve
Radial 2 = median nerve
Splenius capitus OIAN
O: nuchal ligaments & spinous processes
I: mastoid process, occipital bone
A: extend bilaterally and rotate unilaterally
N: posterior rami branches
Splenius cervicis OIAN
O: nuchal ligaments & spinous processes
I: transverse processes C1-4
A: extend bilaterally and rotate unilaterally
N: posterior rami branches
Erector spinae OIAN
O: posterior iliac crest, posterior sacrum, lumbar spinous processes
A: 1 degree spinal extensors bilaterally, allow lateral flexion unilaterally
I: ILIOCOSTALIS: lower ribs. LONGISSUMUS: transverse processes, mastoid process. SPINALIS: spinal processes up to neck.
N: dorsal branches of the spinal nerves
Transverse abdominis OIAN
O: iliac crest, inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia, inferior six ribs
I: xiphoid, rectus sheath, pubis
A: compresses abdomen
N: thoracic spinal nerves T8-T12
Internal oblique OIAN
O: inguinal ligament, iliac crest
I: ribs 8-12, rectus sheath
A: compresses abdomen, flexes trunk bilaterally, rotates trunk unilaterally
N: lower intercostal nerves
External oblique OIAN
O: lower 8 ribs
I: rectus sheath, iliac crest
A: compresses abdomen, flexes trunk bilaterally, rotates trunk unilaterally
N: lower intercostal nerves
Rectus abdominis OIAN
O: pubis
I: costal cartilage ribs 5-7, xiphoid
A: trunk flexion
N: thoracic spinal nerves T7-T12
Thoraco-abdominal diaphragm OIAN
O: sternal: inner part of ziphoid process. Costal: inner surface of lower 6 ribs. Lumbar: upper 2-3 lumbar vertebrae.
I: central tendon
A: draws central tendon down, increases volume of thoracic cavity.
N: phrenic (C3, 4, 5)
External intercostal muscles OIAN
External
O: inferior border of ribs
I: superior border of ribs below, run obliquely down & forward
A: helps expand thoracic cavity during inspiration by elevating ribs.
N: intercostal
Internal intercostal muscles OIAN
Internal
O: inferior border of ribs
I: inner lip of superior border of ribs below, run obliquely down & back
A: fix intercostal spaces during exhalation. Aid forced expiration by depressing ribs
N: intercostal nerves
