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Passive Care > Test Two > Flashcards

Test Two Flashcards

1
Q

Photobiomodulation

A

Photochemical effect from absorption of photons of lights by cells

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2
Q

Photobiostimulation

A

Lower doses of laser

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3
Q

Photobioinhibition

A

Higher doses of laser

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4
Q

Chromophore

A

Molecules that accept energy from photons

Ex: cytochrome

Trigger biochemical reactions

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5
Q

Cellular mechanisms of LLLT

A

Change in Na-K channel
Increase intracellular Ca
Increased Ca affects nucleotides that modulate DNA/cell proliferation

Aka biostimulation

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6
Q

Photobiostimulation

A

Chaim of chemical reactions is triggered by exposure to light

Causes change in oxidation/reduction leading to increased ATP synthesis and Na-K pump increased permeability to calcium

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7
Q

Primary effects of photobiostimulation

A

Due to direct interaction of photons with cytochromes

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8
Q

Secondary effect of photobiostimulation

A

Induced by primary effects in the same cell the photons produced primary affects

Cell proliferation, protein synthesis, degranulation, GF secretion, NT modification

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9
Q

Tertiary effects of photobiostimulation

A

Indirect responses of distant cells to changes in other cells that had direct contact with photons

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10
Q

Primary, secondary and tertiary evens summate to produce what>

A

Photo therapeutic activity

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11
Q

LLLT used for what?

A

Pain management
Tendinopathy management
Wound management

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12
Q

What class are therapeutic lasers

A

IIIb

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13
Q

What lasers can damage eyes

A

3a/3b

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14
Q

Wavelength of therapeutic lasers 3b

A

5-500mW

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15
Q

Contraindications of LLLT

A 
Cancer
Pregnancy
Eyes
Active hemorrhage
Open wounds unless with clear barrier
Epileptic patients
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16
Q

Super pulsed laser for LLLT

A

Higher peak power with less thermal effect

  • more direct energy to target tissues
  • safer and better
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17
Q

Lower range of frequencies for LLLT are termed what

A

Biostimulatory

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18
Q

Arndt Schultz principle

A

Biological reactions are not only dictated by dose but at rate which energy is delivered

Under 500Hz: stimulators
Over 500Hz: inhibitory

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19
Q

Phototherapy

A

Use of artificial UV light for therapeutic purposes

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20
Q

Photochemical effect

A

Use of artificial UC light with a chemical photosensitizing agent for therapeutic purpose

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21
Q

Minimal erythema dose

A

Faint redness 24 hours after treatment for ultraviolet therapy

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22
Q

What’s another way you can measure dose for UV therapy

A

Fitzpatricks skin phototype

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23
Q

Established indications for UV therapy

A

Psoriasis
Atopic dermatitis
Vitiligo
My oasis fungoides

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24
Q

Contraindications of UV therapy

A 
Eye
Malignant skin
Melanoma history
SLE, porphyrias, Pellagra sarcoidosis, HSV
active TB
Kidney, cardiac or liver diseases
Hyperthyroidism
DM
Acute eczema or dermatitis
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25
Q

Photosensitizing drugs

A

Antibacterial/microbial
-tetracycline, sulfonamides, griseofulvin
Thiazide diuretics

Other: phenothiazines, psoralens, sulfonylureas, diphenhydramine (Benadryl)-antihistamine

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26
Q

Conduction

A

Direct contact
Heat/cold applied directly to skin

  • hydrocollator
  • paraffin bath
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27
Q

Convection

A

Air/water particles move across part causing heating or cooling

  • whirlpool
  • fluidotherapy
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28
Q

Radiation

A

Transfer of heat from a warmer surface to a cooler through air or vacuum

-infrared lamp

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29
Q

Conversion

A

Heat generated from another energy form

  • ultrasound
  • diathermy
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30
Q

Effects of thermotherapy

A

Pain relief
Spasm reduction
Increased mobility
-decreased joint viscosity, decreased viscoelasticity of muscle, tendon, and ligaments

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31
Q

Conduction is what kind of heat

A

Moist heat

32
Q

Convection is what type of heat

A

Dry heat

33
Q

What type of thermotherapy good for myofascial pain

A

Shorter duration moist heat

Ex: hot pack/paraffin bath

34
Q

What type of thermotherapy is good for low back pain

A

Long duration low level heat

35
Q

What may be better than ibuprofen at creating analgesic effect

A

Thermotherapy!

36
Q

Indications for thermotherapy

A

Pain relief
Muscle spasm
RA
OA

37
Q

Contraindications of thermotherapy

A 
Impaired heat sensation
Malignancy
Thrombophlebitis
Hemorrhage
Pregnant
Acute inflammation/conditions
Confused patients
38
Q

How many layers used with hydrocollator pack

A

Silicate gel

6-8 layers of terry cloth

39
Q

Use of hydrotherapy

A

Cleansing and debridement of wounds

40
Q

Temperature for whirlpool

A

86-100/30-38

41
Q

For whirlpool, temperature of water must be ____ if size of treatment area is ___

A

Lower

Bigger

42
Q

Temperature of paraffin bath

A

124-129 F (51-54C)

43
Q

Indication for fluidotherapy

A

Chronic condition

Dry heat

44
Q

Indication for infrared lamp

A

Skin conditions/sensitive skin with issues of pain, OA, RA, spasm

45
Q

Inverse square law

A

Intensity varies with the inverse square of the distance between the bulb and the skin

Double distance = 1/4 heat

46
Q

Cosine law-reflection

A

Intensity of heat decreases with change from perpendicular

47
Q

What phase do you use contrast bath

A

Subacute
Able to transition from warm to cool etc.

NOT GOOD FOR SWELLING

48
Q

Topical counterirritants

A

Menthols from peppermint
Methyl salicylate from wintergreen
Camphor
Capsaicin from hot peppers

Ex: biofreeze, icy hot etc

49
Q

What are thought to inhibit pain (fibers?)

A

A-delta

C-afferent

50
Q

Evaporation of alcohol and menthol

A

Decrease skin temp

Stimulate cold receptors that compete for spinal pathways in pain

51
Q

Rubbing (massage) stimulates large what?

A

Myelinated mechanoreceptors

52
Q

That thermotheraies can be used for chronic conditions

A 
Hydrocollator pack (158-169F)
Warm whirlpool
Fluidotherapy
53
Q

Temperatures of hydrocollator pack

A

158-169F

54
Q

What thermotherapy used for joint stiffness of hands/feet in OA

A

Paraffin bath

55
Q

Cryokinetics

A

Combo of cold and exercise

56
Q

Cold induced vasodilation

A

Increase in tissue temperature approx. 15 min into treatment and then alternates

Hunting response

57
Q

Indications of cryotherapy

A

Decrease pain
Decreased blood flow and metabolism
Protect injured tissue
Decrease spasm

58
Q

Contraindications to cryotherapy

A 
Impaired cold sensation
Cold induced urticaria
Raynauds
Cryoglobulinemia 
Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
Open wound
Peripheral vascular disease
Confused patients
59
Q

Cryoglibinemia

A

Abnormal clumping of plasma proteins stimulated by cold application

Skin discoloration/dyspnea

Associated with MM, macroglobulimea, C. Liver disease, hepatitis, SLE etc

60
Q

Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria

A

Cold temperatures activates antibodies to RBCs causing lysis

Excess hemoglobin excreted causing dark urine andback pain

Acute MC young, Chronic MC in old

61
Q

Obesity and cryotherapy relationship

A

Extra insulation can freeze skin before removing any heat

62
Q

Stages of sensation in cryotherapy

A

CBAN

Cold, burn, ache, numb

63
Q

What tests are done before cryotherapy

A

Ice cube test and nail bed test

64
Q

Does compression increase cooling?

A

Yes

65
Q

Do you apply ice bags directly to skin? Gel packs?

A

Ice: yes
Gel: no, single layer of wet towel to improve conduction and prevent frostbite, NO COMPRESSION WITH GEL

66
Q

What are diasvantages to cold whirlpool

A

Cannot elevate part so not ideal fro acute situation

67
Q

Thermopane

A

Whirlpool constant circulation prevents water water layer around body part

68
Q

Ice massage best for what areas

A

Superficial and bony prominences and Tendon areas

Desensitize trigger points

69
Q

Vapocoolant spray

A

Superficial rapid cooling through evaporation but no temperature change below dermis

70
Q

Indications of vapocoolant spray

A

Trigger points
Muscle spasm
Decreased ROM

71
Q

Effects of vapocoolant sprays

A

Increase tolderance to motion/stretch

72
Q

Contraindications of Ethyl chloride/fluoromethane vapocoolany spray

A 
Allergy
Open wound
Post surgical
Eyes
Other cold contraindications plus indications to passive stretch
73
Q

What has the largest physiological response to cold

A

Skin

74
Q

Rewaarming vs cooling time periods

A

Should have 2x rewarming period than that of cooling

75
Q

Physiological responses to cryotherapy

A

Decreased nerve conduction velocity and bombard CNS with cold signals

Affect muscl spindle and GTO
Decrease efferent signals
Decreased pain interrupts

Vasoconstriction..decreased flow…edema

Decrease metabolism…less secondary injury

Strength of contraction decreased

76
Q

Cryokinetic

A

Active exercise during or after cryotherapy.

Apply cold until numb, ROM exercise for 3-5min repeate up to 5x

Passive Care (7 decks)

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