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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Test Two > Flashcards

Test Two Flashcards

1
Q

Chemistry

A

Science of the structure and interactions of matter

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2
Q

Matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass

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3
Q

Mass

A

Amount of matter in an object

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4
Q

Weight

A

Force of gravity acting on an object

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5
Q

What are the major elements?

A

The four elements that make up 96% of the body’s mass (HONC)

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6
Q

Lesser elements

A

Eight elements that make up 3.6% of the body’s mass (Ca,P,K,S,Cl,Mg,I)

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7
Q

Trace elements

A

Make up about .4% of the body’s mass

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8
Q

Radioactive isotopes

A

Unstable because their nuclei often decay and transform into a different element

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9
Q

Free radical

A

Atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in their outer shell

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10
Q

Electrolyte

A

Ionic compound that breaks into a cation and anion in solution

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11
Q

What is the difference between a polar covalent and non-polar covalent bond?

A

Polar- one nucleus has a stronger attraction than the other giving a partial negative charge closer to the stronger one
Non-polar- sharing of the electrons equally

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12
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Release more energy than they absorb

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13
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Absorb more energy than they release

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14
Q

Activation energy

A

Collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds

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15
Q

Catalyst

A

Chemical compounds used to speed up a reaction by lowering the activation energy (ENZYMES!)

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16
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Decomposition reactions in digestion break down large molecules into smaller ones with the help of water (breaking water)

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17
Q

Dehydration synthesis reaction

A

Two smaller molecules join to form a larger molecule

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18
Q

Heat capacity

A

Ability of a substance to take on heat and not change its own temperature (water has a high heat capacity)

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19
Q

Heat of vaporization

A

Amount of heat required to change from liquid to gas (high for water)

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20
Q

Colloid

A

Physical mixture with solute particles big enough to scatter light

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21
Q

Avogadro number

A

6.023 x10^23 A MOLE OF ANYTHING HAS THIS MANY PARTICLES

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22
Q

Acid

A

Substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+) and one or more anions (proton donor)

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23
Q

Base

A

Removes H+ from a solution (proton acceptor) dissociates into OH- and some cations

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24
Q

Salt

A

When dissolved in water gives cations and anions that are not H+ or OH-

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25
Q

What does an acid and base together form?

A

A salt

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26
Q

Acidosis

A

pH below 7.35

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27
Q

Alkalosis

A

pH above 7.45

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28
Q

Buffer systems

A

Convert strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases

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29
Q

Buffer

A

Chemical compound that makes up buffer systems by removing or adding protons

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30
Q

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

A

Carbonic acid can act as a weak acid and bicarbonate ion can act as a weak base. Very important in our body

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31
Q

What kind of reaction joins monomers to make polymers?

A

Dehydration synthesis

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32
Q

Where do we find methyl groups?

A

(CH3) in waxes, fats and oils non-polar

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33
Q

Where do we find hydroxyl groups?

A

(OH-) polar-negative! Sugars

34
Q

Where do we find carbonyl groups?

A

(COOH) Sugars, fats, amino acids polar-negative and acidic

35
Q

Where do we find amines or amino groups?

A

(NH3) Polar-basic amino acid and proteins

36
Q

Where do we find phosphate groups?

A

(PO3) DNA, energy carriers ATP polar-negative

37
Q

Where do we find aldehyde groups?

A

(HC=O) in sugars

38
Q

Where do we find ketones?

A

(2RC=O) in sugars

39
Q

What are the four organic molecules?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

40
Q

What is the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen ratio for carbohydrates?

A

CH2O (1:2:1)

41
Q

What is the function of Carbs?

A

Short term energy storage and some structure. Most important metabolic fuel in the body

42
Q

What are the three classes of Carbs?

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

43
Q

Saccharide

A

SUGAR!

44
Q

Oligo

A

Few, three or four or five

45
Q

Ending in ‘ose

A

SUGAR!!

46
Q

Common monosaccharides and properties

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose, manose

Soluble in water and taste sweet

47
Q

Common disaccharides (oligo) and properties

A

Sucrose (glucose and fructose)
Lactose
Maltose
Glycoproteins-Sometimes used as ID markers for the body to identify what cells are yours and should be in your body

48
Q

Common Polysaccharides and properties

A

Starches-insoluble (so don’t go into flood well) not sweet
Cellulose-most abundant organic molecule on earth
Glycogen- animal starch (branched)
Chitin-exoskeleton of anthropods (very branched with nitrogen)
Amylose- plant starch (spiral)
Too big to enter the cell without being lysed

49
Q

Can you digest cellulose?

A

No, we do not have the enzyme to do so however cows, horses and zebras do.

50
Q

Potassium iodide test

A

Positive test indicates a starch by turning from gold to jet black

51
Q

What makes fungi hard to kill

A

It contains chitin which is a very branched molecule containing nitrogen making it resistant to digestion

52
Q

Levo and dextro

A

Levo-left

Dextro-right

53
Q

What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in lipids

A

Much greater than 2:1

54
Q

What are properties of lipids?

A

Slippery, non-polar insoluble in water, hydrophobic

55
Q

Function of lipids?

A

Main energy storage

56
Q

What are simple lipids?

A

Triglycerides
Fats
Oils
Waxes

57
Q

What are complex lipids?

A 
Carotenoids
Sterols
Vitamins A,D,E,K
Phospholipid 
Eicosanoids
58
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Prostaglandins and leucotrienes; chemical messengers that coordinate local cellular activities; produced by most body tissues in response to a specific stimuli (when you have a blister a signal “eicosanoid” is sent to the area to fill with fluid)

59
Q

What does a triglyceride molecule look like

A

The letter E with the back bone being a glycerol and the horizontal line being fatty acids

60
Q

Properties of fats

A

Long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached (fatty acids) hydrophilic because one end has a carboxyl group

61
Q

How are glycerides made?

A

They cant be stuck together like saccharides but can be attached to a glycerol by dehydration synthesis making the E. each synthesis produces a water so a synthesis of triglyceride means three waters

62
Q

What is the difference between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

Saturated means it has the most hydrogens it can (no double bonded carbons)
Unsaturated means that there is one (mono) or more (poly) double bonded carbons causing a kink in the chain

63
Q

What is the difference between a fat and an oil?

A

A fat is saturated and solid at room temperature because there are no kinks in the chain so carbon chains can pack together tightly and an oil is unsaturated and has kinks in the carbon chain so the chains cannot pack closely making it a liquid at room temperature

64
Q

How are triglycerides stored?

A

As adipose under the skin

65
Q

What are the essential fatty acids for the body and how can we get them?

A

Omega 3’s! From fish, flax seed and walnuts

66
Q

What do omega 3’s do for you?

A

Lower LDL (bad cholesterol) and raise HDL (good cholesterol) the ratio between the two is what is examined. Also decreases bone loss by increasing Ca+ utilization

67
Q

What are waxes?

A

Long chain fatty acids linked to alcohols ( the more the carbons the thicker the wax) highly non-polar

68
Q

What are functions of waxes?

A

Cuticle-protects plants by conserving water
Fends off parasites and repels water in the ears
Protects animals through lubrication and pliability in hair and skin

69
Q

Phospholipid

A

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, 1 polar group
Soapy properties
Di-polar (head is polar, chain is non-polar) found in cell membrane

70
Q

What is the cell membrane structure?

A

Bi-lipid layer with tails pointing inward. When brought together it forms a circle which is what gives the cell a circular shape

71
Q

What is the most important pump in the body?

A

Sodium-Potassium pump- active pump so it uses a lot of energy

72
Q

What keeps the cell membrane pliable so that things can pass through?

A

Cholesterol

73
Q

Glycolipid

A

Attaches to the phospholipid

74
Q

Steroids

A

Class of lipid that has carbon rings attached together with different functional groups and no fatty acid chain (sterols!)

75
Q

Sterols

A

No FA chain, four carbon ring, eukaryotic cell membranes cholesterol is made in the liver and used to make steroids, bile salts, vitamin d and sex hormones

76
Q

What do bile salts do?

A

Help to emulsify cholesterol and all fats and are found in the gallbladder

77
Q

Are vitamins synthesized in the body?

A

No, they are not made by the body, they must come from our diets

78
Q

Difference in a phospholipid and a cholesterol

A

Phospholipid is a pretty straight chain for the most part while a cholesterol is many cyclo-carbons with a carbon chain attached to the end

79
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Trans fat= adding hydrogen to vegetable oil. Very unhealthy!!

80
Q

Do omega 3’s help with in the body? (Five things)

A

1) decrease bone loss
2) reduce the risk of heart disease
3) reduce the risk of rheumatoid arthritis, and other inflammatory diseases
4) promote wound healing
5) decrease skin disorders

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (3 decks)

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