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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Test One > Flashcards

Test One Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Structure

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Body function

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3
Q

Surface anatomy

A

Exterior features

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4
Q

Regional anatomy

A

Body areas

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5
Q

Systematic anatomy

A

Groups of organs working together

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6
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

From conception to death

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7
Q

Clinical anatomy

A

Medical specialties

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8
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

Study of microscopic entities: cells and molecules

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9
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells and their structure

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10
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues and their structures

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11
Q

Pathology

A

Study of diseased tissue

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12
Q

Cell physiology

A

Processes within and between cells

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13
Q

Special physiology

A

Functions of specific organs

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14
Q

Systematic physiology

A

Functions of an organ system

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15
Q

Pathological physiology

A

Effects of diseases

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16
Q

Organization of living things in terms of order. Which way would be disorder and what do we call each

A 
Atoms 
Molecules
Cells 
Tissues 
Organs
Organ systems 
Organisms

Down is order (energy) and up is disorder (entropy)

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17
Q

What are the 11 organ systems

A 
Integumentary
Skeletal 
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphoid
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
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18
Q

Parts of the integumentary system and main function

A

Skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands protects the body, regulates temperature, eliminates some waste, aides in vitamin d production

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19
Q

Parts of the skeletal system and its main function

A

Bones, joints, and cartilage. supports and protects body, houses cells that produce blood cells stores minerals and fats and aides in body movement

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20
Q

Parts of the muscular system and its main function

A

Attach to bones to aid in movement maintain posture and produce heat.

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21
Q

Parts of the nervous system and its main function

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs. Make nerve impulses and action potentials to regulate body movements and causes muscle contractions

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22
Q

Parts of the endocrine system and its main function

A

Hormone producing cells and glands. Regulates body cavities through hormone release

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23
Q

Parts of the lymphatic system and its main function

A

Lymphatic fluid and vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils as well as b and t cells. Returns proteins and fluids to blood, protects against disease carrying microbes.

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24
Q

Parts of the cardiovascular system and its function

A

Blood, heart, blood vessels. Pumps blood throughout the body and waste like CO2 and others away, regulates acid-base balance, temperature and H2O content in blood.

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25
Q

Parts of the respiratory system and its function

A

Lungs, trachea, pharynx, larynx, bronchial tubes. Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to the blood and CO2 out of the body, helps regulate acid-base balance of bodily fluids

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26
Q

Parts of the digestive system and its function

A

GI tract organs, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, anus, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Chemically and physically breaks down food absorbing nutrients and eliminating solid waste.

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27
Q

Parts of the urinary system and its function

A

Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra. Produces, stores and eliminates wastes and regulates volume and composition of the blood, regulate production of red blood cells and helps maintain acid-base balance in body.

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28
Q

Parts of the reproductive system and its function

A

Gonads, and their associated organs. Produce the reproduction elements like egg and sperm, release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes.

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29
Q

What are the six major life processes?

A

1) metabolism
2) responsiveness
3) movement
4) growth
5) differentiation
6) reproduction

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30
Q

What are the two types of metabolism?

A

Catabolism-breaking down substances chemically

Anabolism- building substances from smaller ones

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31
Q

What is responsiveness?

A

Ability to recognize and respond to changes.

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32
Q

What is movement?

A

Movement of the body all the way to the cellular level

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33
Q

What is growth?

A

Increase in body size resulting from growth in size or number of existing cells.

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34
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Growing of a cell going from an unspecified to specified state. These cells are known as stem cells

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35
Q

What is reproduction?

A

The production of a new individual or new tissue for growth, repair, or replacement

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36
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The process of staying in balance when the environment around is changing.

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37
Q

What is the normal blood glucose level in the blood?

A

70-110 mg/100 ml

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38
Q

What are body fluids?

A

Dilute watery fluids that contain dissolved chemicals found in and around cells.

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39
Q

What is intracellular fluid?

A

Fluid within cells

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40
Q

What is extracellular fluid?

A

Fluid outside cells

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41
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

Fluid that fills space between cells

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42
Q

What are feedback systems?

A

A cycle of events that take place to commit or, evaluate, change and cycle again

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43
Q

Stimulus?

A

Any disruption to a controlled condition

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44
Q

What are the the three parts to a feedback system?

A

Receptor, control center, and effector

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45
Q

What is a receptor?

A

Structure that keeps check on changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center.

46
Q

What is a control center?

A

Sets a point for a controlled condition, evaluates receptor input and generates output when needed.

47
Q

What is a effector?

A

Receives output format he control center and produces a response

48
Q

What is a response?

A

Effect changing the controlled condition

49
Q

What do negative feedback systems do?

A

Reverse a change in a controlled condition

Negate the original stimulus

50
Q

What do positive feedback systems do?

A

Strengthen a change in a controlled condition
Control center sends a command to the effector which produces a response to reinforce the initial change in the controlled condition
To stop-system must be interrupted

51
Q

Difference between positive and negative feedback systems?

A

Positive reinforce conditions that are not frequent while negative regulate common conditions

52
Q

What is disorder?

A

An abnormality of a structure or function

53
Q

What is a disease?

A

Illness characterized by a set of signs and symptoms

54
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of why, when and where diseases occur

55
Q

Pharmacology

A

Science that deals with the effect and uses of drugs in diseases treatment

56
Q

What is the difference between local and systemic disease?

A

Local is in one specific area and systemic is throughout the body

57
Q

Anatomical position

A

Standard position with eyes facing forward, feet directed forward and arms by sides with palms facing forward.

58
Q

Prone

A

When the body is lying face down

59
Q

Supine

A

When the body is laying face up

60
Q

Superior

A

Toward head or upper part of a structure

61
Q

Inferior

A

Away from head or lower part of structure

62
Q

Anterior

A

Near to the front

63
Q

Posterior

A

Near to the back

64
Q

Medial

A

Towards the midline

65
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

66
Q

Intermediate

A

Between two structures

67
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body

68
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side of the body

69
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to the attachment of a structure

70
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the attachment of a structure

71
Q

Superficial

A

Toward or on the surface

72
Q

Deep

A

Away from the surface

73
Q

Saggital

A

Vertical plane dividing the left and right

74
Q

Midsaggital or median

A

Saggital with equal parts

75
Q

Midline

A

Imaginary vertical line through the center of the body

76
Q

Parasaggital

A

Saggital with unequal parts

77
Q

Frontal or coronal

A

Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections

78
Q

Transverse

A

Divides the body into superior and inferior sections

79
Q

Cross-sectional or horizontal

A

Other names for transverse

80
Q

Oblique

A

Passes through the body at a 90 degree angle

81
Q

Cranial cavity

A

Formed by the cranial bones contains the brain

82
Q

Vertebral cavity

A

Formed by the vertebral column contains the spiral cord and beginnings of spinal nerves

83
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Chest cavity contains the pleural, pericardial, and mediastinum

84
Q

Pleural

A

Space between the layers of pleura and surrounds the lung

85
Q

Pericardial

A

Space between the layers of pericardium surrounding the heart

86
Q

Mediastinum

A

Central part of the thoracic cavity between the lungs, containing the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and large blood vessels

87
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Abdominal and pelvic cavity

88
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine and most of the large intestine

89
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

Urinary bladder, part of the large intestine and the internal organs of the reproductive systme

90
Q

Meninges

A

Three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord called the dura mater, achronoid mater, and pia mater

91
Q

Diaphragm

A

Dome shaped muscle separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities

92
Q

Viscera

A

Organs inside the thoracic and abdomino-pelvic cavities

93
Q

Membrane

A

Thin, pliable tissue that covers or connects tissues

94
Q

Serous membrane

A

Covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities and lines the thorax and abdomen

95
Q

Parietal layer

A

(Serous) Thin epithelium lining the walls of the cavities

96
Q

Visceral layer

A

Thin epithelium overs and adheres to viscera in cavities

97
Q

Pleura

A

Serous membrane of the pleural cavities

98
Q

Pericardium

A

Serous membrane of the pericardial cavity

99
Q

Peritoneum

A

Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

100
Q

What are the regions of the abdominal-pelvic cavity

A

1) right hypochondriac
2) epigastric
3) left hypochondriac
4) right lumbar
5) umbilical
6) left lumbar
7) right inguinal
8) hypogastric
9) left inguinal

101
Q

What are the quadrants of the abdominal-pelvic cavity?

A

Right upper quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant

102
Q

Radiography

A

X-ray images pass through the body. Doesn’t pass through dense structures

103
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Body is exposed to high energy magnetic field causing protons to arrange. Used to detect tumors, and brain abnormalities

104
Q

Computed tomography (CT)

A

Produces multiple transverse sections of the body to visualize soft tissue and organs

105
Q

Ultrasound scanning

A

High frequency sounds waves bounce off tissue producing an image sonogram doppler is used to view blood flow through vessels

106
Q

Coronary computed tomography angiography

A

Iodine containing medium injected into a vein then beta blocker is given to reduce heart rate. 3-D diagram is made of the coronary flood vessels to detect heart blockages

107
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

Positron emitting substance is used to produce gamma rays by colliding with electrons. Used to study metabolism in the body

108
Q

Endoscopy

A

Camera is used to exam organs of body cavities

109
Q

Radionuclide scanning

A

A radionuclide is injected into the body and carried to the tissue to be examined. Used to search for malignant tumors

110
Q

Single photon emission computed tomography scanning (SPECT)

A

Specialized radionuclide scanning used to study heart, lungs, liver and brain

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (3 decks)

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