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Test tomoz Flashcards

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1
Q

Is this a directional or non directional hypothesis?

There will be a difference in how much the participant speaks after drinking cola and before drinking cola

A

non directinal

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2
Q

Is this a directional or non directional hypothesis?

Participants will talk more after drinking cola then before drinking cola

A

directional

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3
Q

When are directional hypoteses used

A

when previous research suggest a particular outcome

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4
Q

Operationalise the variables for :

Participants will talk more after drinking cola then before drinking cola

A

Participants will talk 2x more after drinking 100gs of cola then before drinking 100gs of cola

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5
Q

State the independant variable:

Participants will talk more after drinking cola then before drinking cola

A

Weather the participant has or has not drunk cola

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6
Q

What should influence the DV

A

the IV

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7
Q

What are extreneous variables

A

Any other thing that could potentially effect the DV, steps should be taken to minimise its effect, many such as age of participant are easy to control

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8
Q

What are confounding variables

A

they vary with the IV, having a second unintended IV such as personality

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9
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

clues given to help the participant understand what is going on

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10
Q

How many participants change their behaviour in an experiment

A

Please U

Screw U

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11
Q

What is an investigator effect

A

The effect of the investigators behaviour on the research outcome such as smiling more in one group

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12
Q

What is randomisation

A

The use of chance in order to control the effects of bias

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13
Q

What is standardization

A

Using exactly the same procedures and instructions for all participants

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14
Q

Name the types of experimental design

A

Independent groups, repeated measures and matched pairs

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15
Q

What is the independent groups design

A

two sperate groups experience two different conditions. They do not experience both conditions

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16
Q

what is the repeated measures design

A

all participants experience both conditions

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17
Q

What is the matched pairs design

A

participants are matched on relevant pieces of information for example IQ, age, height and then put into different groups who experience different conditions

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18
Q

Advantages of independent design

A

Avoids order effect

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19
Q

negatives of Independant desing

A

participant variables can distort result - dealt with by using random allocation
Less expensive

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20
Q

Advantages of repeated measures design

A

no participant variables

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21
Q

disadvantages of repeated measures design

A

repeated measures effect - dealt with using counterbalancing, order acts as a confounding variable

Demand characteristics as it beco es easy to work out the study

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22
Q

what is counter balancing

A

A-B B-A

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23
Q

Advantages of matched pairs desing

A

avlids participant variables

No order effects or demand characteristics

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24
Q

Disadvantages of matched pairs desing

A

very expensive

Difficult

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25
Q

What are the types of experiments

A

laboratory, quasi, natural, field

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26
Q

what is a lab experiment

A

experiment conducted in a very highly controlled setting. Does not have to be in a lab could be a classroom etc

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27
Q

what is a field experiment

A

an experiment which takes place in a more natural setting

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28
Q

advantages of a lab experiment

A

High level of control over variables
Can do cause and effect
Replication is easier

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29
Q

disadvantages of a lab experiment

A

control causes an artificial setting so does not have much mundane realism
Higher chance of investigator and participant effects
Very expensive and time consuming

30
Q

Advantages of a field experiment

A

IV can be manipulated so can understand cause and effect

Closer to real life findings

31
Q

disadvantages of a field experiment

A

no control of exrrenous variables
Cause and effect difficult to establish
Replication hard to do
Ethical issues

32
Q

What is a natural experiment

A

A natural experiment where change in the iv os not brought about by the researcher and would of happened even if the researcher was not there

33
Q

what is a quasi experiment

A

A quasi experiment where the Iv has not been established and the variables just exist such as being old or young or eye colour

34
Q

advantages of a natural experiment

A

Provides more opportunities for research

High external validity

35
Q

disadvantages of a natural experiment

A

May only happen very rarely
Limits the scope for generalising findings to other situations
Less sure if the IV affects the DV

36
Q

Advantages of a quasi experiment

A

Same as a lab experiment - High level of control over variables
Can do cause and effect
Replication is easier

37
Q

disadvantages of a quasi experiment

A

cannot randomly allocate participants to conditions so may be confounding variables

38
Q

What is a true experiment

A

One where the IV can be changed and is under control of the researcher

39
Q

List the true experimetns

A

lab and field

40
Q

What are the non true experiments

A

natural and quasi

41
Q

What is sampling

A

Sampling is a portion that is representative of a whole population who take part in an investigations which are drawn from a target population

42
Q

When is sampling done

A

If its too expensive or the group is too large to test them all

43
Q

What is oppertunity sampling

A

Participants are used who are available at the time as long as they meet the criteria and agree to take part

44
Q

Advantages of opportunity sampling

A

convenient

saves time effort and money

45
Q

negatives of opportunity sampling

A

two forms of bias:
unrepresentative of target populations as it is drawn from a certain area at a certain time so findings cant be generalised
researcher has complete control of who they approach and may not avoid some people , researcher bias

46
Q

What is random sampling

A

every member of your target audience have an equal chance of being selected

47
Q

advantages of random sampling

A

no bias

48
Q

disadvantages of random sampling

A

difficult and rime consuming
complete list of target population may be hard to obtain
still possible to not be representative as some participants may refuse to take part

49
Q

What is stratified sampling

A

participants are obtained from each strata of their occurrence in a population

50
Q

Advantages of stratified sampling

A

avoids bias

representative so generalisation of findings become possible

51
Q

disadvantages of stratified sampling

A

cannot reflect the ways people are different so complete representation of the target group is not possible

52
Q

What are the types of sampling

A

random, opportunity, stratified, volunteer, systematic

53
Q

What is systematic sampling

A

every nth member of a target population is selected

54
Q

Advantages of systematic sampling

A

Avoids researcher bias

fairly representative

55
Q

Disadvantages of systematic sampling

A

can still be bias

56
Q

What is volunteer sampling

A

participant offer to take part

57
Q

Advantages of volunteer sampling

A

easy
little effort
less time consuming

58
Q

negatives of volunteer sampling

A

volunteer bias

59
Q

What are ethical issues

A

they arise when theyres a conflict between the participants rights and the aim of the study

60
Q

What are the practises that raise ethical issues

A 
Informed consent
deception
protection from harm
privacy
confidentiality
right to wishdraw
61
Q

What is informed consent

A

revealing full the details of the study that could change their mind but not changing the study, consent can be withdrawn at any time, may make the study meaningless

62
Q

What is deception

A

Can be necessary to with hold some information such as the aims, can deliberatly provide false information, prevents informed consent, might damage researchers reputation, only allowed if research is important, sometimes can be harmless

63
Q

what is protection from harm

A

difficult to predict outcome of studies on people but the risk that participants face should not be at any more then what they would suffer on a daily, debriefing is important

64
Q

what is privacy

A

not asking too personal questions so not invasive

65
Q

Confidentiality

A

keeping people info such as there names a secret

66
Q

right to withdraw

A

can happen at any time but it could bias the study

67
Q

what is the cost benefit analsysis

A

are the costs (money and general) larger or smaller then the benefits of the study

68
Q

What are the types of consent

A

Presumptive, retrospective and prior general

69
Q

what is presumptive consent

A

asking a similar group to the participants if the study is acceptable

70
Q

what is retrospective consent

A

participants are asked for their consent after the study

71
Q

What is prior general consent

A

participants are asked for consent on a number of studies one of them being deception

72
Q

why is debriefing important

A

it is a way to deal with ethical issues

psychology (3 decks)

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