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psychology > Observational techniques and design Self-report techniques and design Correlational analysis > Flashcards

Observational techniques and design Self-report techniques and design Correlational analysis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is assocation

A

association is the illustrates the strength and direction of an association between two co-variables

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2
Q

what is a scattergram

A

correlations are plotted on a scattergram. one co variable is on the x axis the other on the y axis.

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3
Q

what are the types of correlation

A

positive correlation
negative correlation
zero correlation

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4
Q

what is positive correlation

A

co variables rise or fall together

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5
Q

what is negative correlation

A

one co variable rises and the other fall

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6
Q

what is zero correlation

A

no relationship between the two variables

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7
Q

/ - what type of correlation

A

positive

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8
Q

- what type of correlation

A

negative

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9
Q

-/-/ what type of correlation

A

zero

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10
Q

What are the differences between correlations and experiments?

A
  • in an experiment the researcher manipulates the IV and records the effect on the DV. In a correlation there is no manipulation of variables and so cause and effect cannot be demonstrated like in experiments.
  • in a correlation the influence of the EVs is not controlled, so it may be a third untested variable causing the relationship between co variables- called an intervening variable
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11
Q

What are the positives of correlation

A
  • useful starting point for research: by assessing the strength and direction of a relationship, correlations provide a precise measure of how two variables are relates, if variables are strongly related it may suggest hypotheses for future research
  • relatively economical: unlike a lab study, there is no need for a controlled environment and no manipulation of variables is required, correlations are less time-consuming than experiments
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12
Q

negatives of correlations

A
  • no cause and effect: correlations are often presented as causal, there may be intervening variables that explain the relationship
  • method used to measure variables may be flawed, for example the method used to work out an aggression score might be low in reliability, this would reduce the validity of the correlational study.
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13
Q

What is a correlation

A

the analysis of the relationship betweej co variables

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14
Q

what is an observational technique

A

a way of seeing or listening to what people do without having to ask them. observations are often used within an experiment as a way of assessing the DV.

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15
Q

positives of an observation

A

can capture unexpected behaviour: people often act differently from how they day they will in self-report methods, observations are useful as they five insight into spontaneous behaviour

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16
Q

negatives of observations

A

risk of observer bias: researcher’s interpretation of the situation may be affected by expectations, bias may be reduced by using more then one observer.

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17
Q

What are the types of observational techniques

A 
naturalistic
controlled
covert
overt
participant
non-participant
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18
Q

What is a naturalistic observation

A

takes place where the target behaviour would normally occure

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19
Q

What is a controlled observation

A

some control/manipulation of variables including control of EVs

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20
Q

What is a covert observation

A

participants are unaware they are being studied

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21
Q

What is a overt observation

A

participants are aware of being studied

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22
Q

What is a participant observation

A

when the researcher becomes part of the group they are studying

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23
Q

What is a non-participant observation

A

when the researcher remains separate from the group they are studying

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24
Q

Advantages of a naturalistic observation

A

high external validity- in a natural context, behaviour is likely to be more spontaneous, more generalisable to everyday life

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25
Q

Advantages of a controlled observation

A

can be replicated - more easily repeated due to standardised procedures, findings can be checked to see if they occur again

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26
Q

Advantages of a covert observation

A

demand characteristics reduced- participants do not know they are being watched so their behaviour will be more natural, this increases the validity of their findings

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27
Q

Advantages of a overt observation

A

more ethically acceptable- participants have given their consent to be studied, they have the right to withdraw if they wish

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28
Q

Advantages of a participant observation

A

can lead to greater insight- researcher experiences the situation as the participants do, this enhances the validity of the findings

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29
Q

Advantages of a non-participant observation

A

more objective- researcher maintains an objective distance so less chance of bias

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30
Q

Disadvantages of a naturalistic observation

A

low control- there may be uncontrolled EVs, makes it more difficult to detect patterns

31
Q

Disadvantages of a controlled observation

A

may have low external validity- behaviour may be contrived as a result of the setting, findings cannot be applied to everyday experience

32
Q

Disadvantages of a covert observation

A

ethically questionable- people may not want behaviour recorded even in public, participants right to privacy may be affected

33
Q

Disadvantages of a overt observation

A

demand characteristics- knowledge of being studied influences behaviour, reduces the validity of the findings

34
Q

Disadvantages of a participant observation

A

possible loss of objectivity-the researcher may identify too strongly with those they are studying, going native, this threatens the objectivity and validity of the findings

35
Q

Disadvantages of a non-participant observation

A

loss of insight- researcher may be too far removed from those they are studying, may reduce the validity of the findings

36
Q

What is an unstructured observation

A

everything is recorded which can be quite difficult if a lot is going on

37
Q

what is a structured observation

A

includes behavioural categories and sampling methods

38
Q

what are the types of observational design

A

behavioural categories
time sampling
event sampling

39
Q

what are behavioural categories

A

the target behaviour to be observed should be broken up into a set of observable categories. this is similar to the idea of operationalisation

40
Q

advantages of behavioural categories

A

none

41
Q

disadvantages of behavioural categories

A

difficult to make clear and unambiguous - categories should be self-evident and not overlap, not always possible to achieve. smiling and grinning would be poor categories
dustbin categories - all forms of behaviour should be in the list and not one dustbin, dumped behaviours go unrecorded

42
Q

what is time sampling

A

observations are made at regular intervals eg once every 15 seconds

43
Q

advantages of time sampling

A

reduces the number of observations-rather than recording everything that is seen data is recorded at certain intervals, the observation is more structured and systematic.

44
Q

disadvantages of time sampling

A

may be unrepresentative-the researcher may miss important details outside of time scale, may not reflect the whole behaviour

45
Q

what is event sampling

A

a target behaviour/event is recorded every time it occurs

46
Q

advantages of event sampling

A

may record infrequent behaviour-the researcher will still pick up behaviours that do not occur at regular intervals, such behaviours could easily be missed using time sampling

47
Q

disadvantages of time sampling

A

complex behaviour oversimplified, if the event is too complex, important details may go unrecorded, this may affect the validity of the findings.

48
Q

What are questionnaires

A

are made up of a pre-set list of written questions to which a participant responds

49
Q

what are the types of self report techniques

A

interviews and questionnaires

50
Q

what is the name given to the rating scale

A

Likert scale

51
Q

does interview bias take place on questionnaires of interviews

A

interviews

52
Q

advantages of questionnaires

A

can be distributed to lots of people- can gather large amounts of data quickly and the researcher need not be present when completed, reduces the effort involved and makes questionnaires cost effective

respondents may be willing to open up - respondents may share more personal information than in an interview as they are less self conscious, there may be less chance of social desirability bias compared to an interview

53
Q

disadvantages of questionnaires

A

responses may not always be truthful-respondents tend to present themselves in a positive light, thus social desirability bias is still possible

response bias- respondents may favour a particular kind of response, eg they always agree, this means that all respondents tend to reply in a similar way

54
Q

what is an interview

A

face to face interaction between interviewer and interviewee.

55
Q

types of interview

A

structures

unstructured

56
Q

advantages of structured interviews

A

easy to replicate - straightforward to replicate because of standardised format- the format also reduces differences between interviewers

57
Q

what is a structured interview

A

list of pre-determined questions asked in a fixed order

58
Q

disadvantages of a structured interview

A

interviewers cannot elaborate- interviewers cannot deviate from the topic or elaborate their points, this may be a source of frustration for some

59
Q

what is an unstructured interview

A

there are no set questions. there is a general topic to be discussed but the interaction is free-flowing and the interviewee is encouraged to elaborate.

60
Q

advantages of unstructured interviews

A

there is greater flexibility- unlike a structured interview, points can be followed up as they arise, more likely to gain insight into interviewee’s worldview

61
Q

disadvantages of unstructured interviews

A

difficult to replicate-such interviews lack structure and are not standardised, greater risk of interviewer bias.

62
Q

writing good questionnaires

A
  • avoid jargon: do you agree that… do you disagree that….
  • avoid double-barrelled questions. do you agree that… and that….
  • avoid leading questions. do you agree…is bad
63
Q

types of questionnaire designs

A

open and closed questions

64
Q

what is an open question

A

respondents provide their own answers expressed in words. provides qualitative. why questions etc

65
Q

advantages of open questions

A

responses are not restricted-answers more likely to provide detailed, unpredicted information, likely to have more validity than statistics.

66
Q

disadvantages of open questions

A

difficult to analyse- wider variety of answers than produced by closed questions, may be forced to reduce data to statistics

67
Q

what are closed questions

A

respondent has limited choices. produces quantitative date. yes or no etc

68
Q

advantages of closed questions

A

easier to analyse-can produce graphs and charts for comparison, makes it easier to draw a conclusion

69
Q

disadvantages of closed questions

A

respondents are restricted-forced into an answer that may not be representative of true feelings, may reduce the validity of the findings

70
Q

what are the types of interview designs

A

interview schedule
quiet room
rapport
ethics

71
Q

what is the interview design interview schedule

A

a standardised list of questions that the interviewer needs to cover, can reduce interviewer bias

72
Q

what is the interview design quiet room

A

will increase the likelihood that the interviewee will open up

73
Q

what is the interview design rapport

A

begin with neutral questions to make participants feel relaxed

74
Q

what is the interview design ethics

A

remind interviewees that answers will be treated in confidence

psychology (3 decks)

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